Classical and Operant Conditioning

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Presentation transcript:

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex (response) until the neutral response alone elicits a similar response.

Pavlov’s Experiments Pavlov was researching digestion Noticed dogs would be “conditioned” by a neutral stimulus (bell) UCS (meat powder) >>>>> UCR (salivation) CS (buzzer) >>>>>>CR (Salivation)

Terms to Remember Generalization- conditioned learning, when two or more stimuli are similar, the response to them is the same Example- fire alarm vs. dismissal bell Discrimination- in conditioned learning, the ability to recognize the differences between 2 similar stimuli

Terms to Remember Reflex- automatic reaction to a stimulus Example- jumping when stabbed with a needle Acquisition- process through which a CS begins to produce a CR Example- when a toddler develops a fear of doctors (needles) Intensity- as the UCS strengthens, it increases the speed and strength of the CR Example- meat powder versus a raw steak

Terms to Remember Extinction- the weakening of the process after the UCS has been removed Example- dog is no longer rewarded for “shake” and eventually stops on command. Spontaneous Recovery- the revival of an extinquished behavior after a period of nonresponding

Terms to Remember Relevance/ Biological Predisposition-conditioning process suggests that organisms may be “biolgically” prepared to learn some associations more easily than others Example- snakes vs. cd players Study (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) Rats and Saccharin- flavored water, buzzer, and light paired with electric shock or x-rays(nausea)

Taste Aversion Studies Timing- longer the delay, the weaker the CR; optimal time is _____ seconds; the one exception is _ Rats and Radiation (Garcia, 1956) Rats exposed to radiation; refused to drink in the chamber which had plastic h2o bottles but glass in home cages Sheep Study (Garcia, Rusiniak & Brett; 1977) Wolves and Lithium chloride Ice Cream & Cancer patients (Bernstein, 1978) 3 groups (ice cream prior to chemo, ice cream with no chemo, no ice cream)

Conditioned Response and Drug Abuse Study of Heroin users (Reed, 1980) 1% of users od Why?? 70% interviewed that had od, did not take more of the drug, but had been in unfamiliar settings Classical Conditioned Response