Protein Synthesis: Translation

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6.3 Translation: Synthesizing Proteins from mRNA

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Protein Synthesis: Translation Miss Richardson SBI4U

Purpose: To translate mRNA and use that information to build protein Location: cytoplasm Stages: Initiation Elongation Termination Translation

tRNA 2D clover-shaped molecule Two functional regions: Anticodon loop – 3 nucleotides complementary to specific mRNA codon Acceptor stem – amino acid attached by enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase tRNA

Made up of proteins which have rRNA bound to them, forming a small subunit and large subunit Site of amino acid assembly Contains a P-site (peptide), A-site (amino acid) and E-site (exit) Ribosomes

Near the start codon (AUG), initiation factors assemble small ribosomal subunits on the mRNA tRNA carrying methionine (with anticodon UAC) binds to the start codon The large ribosomal subunit joins P-site: contains tRNA with growing amino acid chain A-site: accepts next tRNA to add amino acid (charged) E-site: contains tRNA that has delivered amino acid (uncharged) Initiation

Elongation factors assist new tRNA molecules in binding to complementary mRNA codon Peptide bonds form between amino acids through a condensation reaction (ATP needed!) mRNA moves along in the 5’-3’ direction building the amino acid chain Elongation

Elongation occurs until a stop codon is reached on the mRNA strand Release factors bind to A-site on ribosome, dismantling the subunits The new peptide chain is released mRNA transcript and ribosomal subunits are recycled Termination