The Annexation of the Philippines Filipinos were denied independence Angered, Filipinos rebelled against U.S. forces Philippine-American War—guerilla warfare costs over 4,000 U.S. lives (250,000+ Filipinos) Some Americans argued it was a duty to “civilize” the “inferior” Filipinos (Anglo-Saxonism) Others argued that the Philippines, like Hawaii, was strategically important for the military and trade

Cuba Platt Amendment— U.S. restricted Cuba’s foreign policy, build bases in Cuba, and could intervene if Cuba became unstable The Platt Amendment protected American military and economic interests in Cuba American troops stayed in Cuba until Cuba agreed to the Platt Amendment

Spheres of Influence European nations & Japan shared “spheres of influence” in China The U.S., left out, feared losing trade with China Sphere of Influence—a foreign country controls an area of a country for its own economic benefit

Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay met with the world powers and secured access to China Open Door Policy—stated the U.S. was allowed full trade with China

The Boxer Rebellion Many Chinese hated the growing influence of foreign countries Boxer Rebellion—Chinese nationalists attacked and killed thousands of foreigners, including Americans U.S. joined with other nations to crush the rebellion

Foreign Policy under Roosevelt “Big Stick Diplomacy” Use a strong military to deter other countries from challenging American interests Roosevelt believed in the African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Roosevelt was a progressive in his domestic policies However, his foreign policies promoted international Darwinism and imperialism

Adding to the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine—the U.S’ long-standing policy against foreign nations intervening in the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt Corollary—stated the U.S. would intervene in Latin America when necessary This prevented other countries from gaining power and territory near the United States

The Panama Canal Roosevelt used the military to help Panama gain independence from Columbia U.S. then built the Panama Canal, which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans The canal helped the United States trade and move the military faster between the oceans

Demonstrating Naval Power The Great White Fleet Roosevelt sent this large squadron of battleships on a global tour The fleet was peaceful but displayed the strength of the American navy The Great White Fleet gained international respect and deterred other countries from challenging American interests

Foreign Policy under Taft Dollar Diplomacy Taft relied on America’s wealth, not military Taft felt this benefitted American businesses AND poorer countries

“Dollars for Bullets” Taft promoted business investment in Latin American countries Taft used military to intervene when these countries became unstable Latin American resentment of American imperialism grew after the Spanish-American War, especially after Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy: A policy that aimed to increase American investment ($) in Latin American countries Would justify military intervention in areas where American business interests or lives were in danger

Foreign Policy under Wilson Moral Diplomacy Wilson opposed imperialism Sought to respect other countries’ rights Under Wilson, Filipinos got a bill of rights and were promised future independence Puerto Ricans were given United States citizenship and representatives in Congress Mexico Wilson wanted to promote democracy in Mexico, where the government was unstable Pancho Villa, a Mexican revolutionary, grew angry when Wilson did not support his bid for power

Moral Diplomacy Wilson wanted to “right the wrongs” of past imperialism and promote democracy However, Wilson used heavy military intervention in unstable Latin American countries Under Wilson, Filipinos got a bill of rights and were promised future independence Puerto Ricans were given United States citizenship and representatives in Congress

Wilson & the Mexican Revolution Mexico was in a revolution during Wilson’s presidency Mexican rebels, led by Pancho Villa, rise up Cross border and kill 18 Americans US sends troops after Pancho Villa, but retreated with the emergence of WWI Villa attacked Americans along the border for revenge and to gather supplies American troops entered Mexico to capture Villa, bringing the two countries closer to war Tension lowered when Wilson had to withdraw troops from Mexico to prepare for WWI