Biogeochemical Cycles

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Presentation transcript:

Biogeochemical Cycles

Water Cycle

Major Processes Heat Drives Evaporation Water Falls as Precipitation Surface Runoff Carries Water Runoff Causes Erosion Water is Stored in Aquifers and Glaciers Microorganisms Purify Water

Human Effects on Water Cycle Deplete Aquifers and Use Freshwater Increase Runoff by Clearing Vegetation and Destroying Wetlands Add Nutrients Warming Increases Evaporation

Runoff

Carbon Cycle

Major Processes Producers Remove CO2 Carbon is Stored in Plant Material and Fossil Fuels Oceans Absorb CO2 (Carbonic Acid) Shelled Organisms Form Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Combustion, Respiration and the Warming of the Oceans Release CO2

Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle Clearing of Trees and Vegetation Reduces the Rate of CO2 Uptake Burning of Fossil Fuels and Wood Releases CO2

Nitrogen Cycle

Major Processes Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Convert Nitrogen Gas (N2) to Ammonia (NH3) Nitrification by Bacteria Converts NH3 to Nitrite (NO2-) and Nitrate (NO3-) Plants Take up NH3 and NO3 Consumers Move Nitrogen (Amino Acids) through Food Webs Ammonification Converts Nitrogen Rich Waste into NH3 Denitrifying Bacteria Convert NO3 to N2

Human Effects on the Nitrogen Cycle Nitric Oxide (NO) is Released through Combustion Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is Released by Bacteria Living on Livestock Waste NO3 Leaches into Groundwater Nitrogen from Runoff Disrupts Aquatic Ecosystems Nitrogen is Depleted from the Topsoil Beneficial Bacteria are Harmed by Farming

Natural Nitrogen Fixation

Haber-Bosch Process

Phosphorus Cycle

Major Processes Part of DNA and ATP Phosphate Salts (PO43-) Stored in Rock an Ocean Sediments Geological Processes Expose Seafloor Erosion Washes PO4 into Water Some is Absorbed by Plants Some Washes into the Ocean

Human Effects of Phosphorus Cycle Phosphate is Mined to Make Fertilizer Runoff Increases the Amount of Phosphate in Streams, Lakes, Rivers and the Ocean Phosphates are Used in Detergents and Discharges from Sewage Contain High Levels of Phosphorus

Phosphate Mine

Algal Bloom

Sulfur Cycle

Major Processes Sulfur is Found in Minerals and Rocks in the Form of Sulfate (SO42-) Volcanic Emissions Include Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfate Salts from Sea Spray and Fires Enters the Atmosphere Plants Absorb Sulfate through Roots Marine Algae Produce Dimethyl Sulfide or DMS (CH3SCH3), a Nuclei for Condensation DMS is Converted to SO2 which is Converted to Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

Human Effects on Sulfur Cycle Burning Coal Releases Sulfur Sulfur is Separated during the Refining of Gas and Heating Oil Processing Metallic Ores Releases SO2 SO2 is a Major Contributor to Acid Deposition

Acid Rain