Cellular Metabolism

Metabolic Reactions Anabolism: the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules Dehydration synthesis: joins simple molecules to form bigger ones Water is formed during the process

Cellular Metabolism Catabolism: the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules Hydrolysis reactions: breaks down carbs, lipids and proteins and splits water in the process

Enzyme action Enzymes: proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions in order to make them go faster and use less energy Substrate: the molecule the enzyme is acting on Active site: a temporary place on the enzyme that the substrate binds to

Enzyme actions Factors that denature enzymes Heat Radiation Electricity Chemicals Extreme pH solutions Poisons

Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathway: a series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product Aerobic Respiration: when oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid can enter the mitochondria and the citric acid cycle Anaerobic respiration: when oxygen is not present, the pyruvic acid stays in the cytosol and undergoes fermentation into lactic acid

Cellular Respiration Adenosine Triphosphate ATP: a chain of 3 phosphates that is released during cellular respiration Used as an energy currency inside of cells Cellular Respiration: the process of cells converting chemical energy into ATP energy Heat is released Waste products are created

Step 1: glycolysis Glycolysis: glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of a cell into pyruvic acid (anaerobic) Uses 2 ATP and creates 4 ATP 2. Citric Acid Cycle: pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA (aerobic) 2 ATP are created Carbon dioxide is a waste product 3. Electron Transport Chain: carrier molecules bring the high energy electrons to a series of enzymes that store the remaining energy (aerobic) 32-34 ATP are created Heat and water are waste products created