Reactions of Hydrocarbons

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Presentation transcript:

Reactions of Hydrocarbons Combustion Addition Substitution Esterification Fermentation Saponification Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization

Combustion Reaction with oxygen or burning. O2 is on the reactant side. Complete combustion of HC produces CO2 & H2O. Combustion

Combustion. Identifying features: O2, hydrocarbons = reactants CO2 & H2O = products C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

Addition Start with an alkene or alkyne. Add atoms across the unsaturated bond. Commonly: hydrogenation or halogenation. Addition

C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2. Addition: Add across a double (or triple) bond. One of the reactants is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. One product - saturated C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2.

Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated. CC + ClCl  H H     Cl Cl   HCCH   H H Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.

Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated. CC + HH  H H     H H   HCCH   H H Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.

Substitution: Replace 1 or more H’s in a saturated hydrocarbon with another atom or group of atoms. One of the reactants is a saturated hydrocarbon. Two products C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl

Substitution: 2 products. Also 1 reactant is saturated. H H H Cl HCCH + Cl2  HCCH         H H H H + HCl Substitution: 2 products. Also 1 reactant is saturated.

Making an ester Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + H2O Esterification

Esterification Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water HCCOH + HOCCCH  O H H H H = H H H H H  O H H H = HCCOCCCH + H2O  H H H H

Fermentation Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2 C6H12O6  2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 zymase carbon dioxide sugar ethanol

Saponification Making Soap Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

H  C O = H OCC17H35 NaOH O = H OCC17H35  + O = H OCC17H35 FAT + Base  (Triglyceride)

H  COH O = NaOCC17H35 H O = + H NaOCC17H35 O H = NaOCC17H35 Soap Glycerol

Reaction leading to formation of polymers Polymerization

Polymerization Reactions Addition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated. Condensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

Addition Polymerization segmer H H H H H H H H       CCCCCC         n C=C    H H Ethene = monomer n Polyethylene = polymer

Condensation Polymerization H H HOCCOH H H HOCCOH + H H H H HOCCOCCOH +  H2O

Condensation Polymerization Split out a small molecule such as H2O. Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.