The Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs

Peripheral Nervous System k e l t a ( o m i c ) y p h P r s A u n N v key words: peripheral nervous system; skeletal nervous system; somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Somatic System Nerves to/from spinal cord control muscle movements Both Voluntary and reflex movements Skeletal Reflexes Muscle Motor Neuron Interneuron Skin receptors Sensory Brain

Autonomic System Two divisions: Control involuntary functions sympathetic Parasympatheitic Control involuntary functions heartbeat blood pressure respiration perspiration digestion Can be influenced by thought and emotion

Sympathetic “ Fight or flight” response CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord SYMPATHETIC Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Stimulates ejaculation in male Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Lungs Heart Stomach Pancreas Liver Adrenal gland Kidney “ Fight or flight” response Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Inhibits digestive functions keywords: sympathetic nervous system; fighlt or flight response

Parasympathetic “ Rest and digest ” system CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain PARASYMPATHETIC Spinal cord Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts pupil “ Rest and digest ” system Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure key words: parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest system

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Row of 4 example cards set out Patient is given a deck of 64 different cards Told to place each card under the one it best matches key words: frontal lobe; perseverence; Wisconsin Card Sorting task This slide and the following Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) slides give an example of one of the types of deficits seen in patients with frontal lobe damage. Frontal lobe patients often have problems with perseverance (e.g. switching strategies when an old strategy is ineffective). In the WCST after the patient has figured out the rule (e.g. color) the examiner switches to a new rule (e.g. shape or number). Frontal patients make errors after a rule switch for a longer time than normals, because they perseverate on (fail to inhibit) the old rule. Told correct or incorrect after each card Correct! Must deduce what the underlying rule is.

The Nervous System: Summary Major structures of the nervous CNS, Somatic, Autonomic Two hemispheres & 4 lobes Organization contralateral input & output primary sensory areas motor areas Commissure Localization of functions Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System