EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH English Civil War Civil War was in part: Religious (Anglican vs. Puritan) Political (King vs. Parliament) Oliver Cromwell (Puritan defender of Parliament) ends the civil war and creates a Commonwealth Not much better than the monarchy!

EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH English Civil War Glorious Revolution brings William and Mary to the throne, but under SPECIFIC CONDITIONS: Religious Toleration – Church of England reestablished but with Puritan toleration Bill of Rights – decreases monarch power and increases Parliaments power

EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH Dutch Independence Reasons for independence: Conversion to Protestantism Resentment of Spanish taxes Growth as an economic power The northern provinces of the Netherlands wrested their autonomy from Spain and became a dominant commercial power.

EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH Dutch Independence (cont.) The United Provinces of the Free Netherlands and particularly the province of Holland favored commercial interests, craftsmen, and manufacturing enterprises, and Amsterdam became a center of finance and shipping.

EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH Results/Importance of Dutch Independence Established as a commercial power by becoming a trading nation with a decentralized government (republic) which stressed the following: Each province could pursue its own economic interests Investment – joint stock companies Banking and loans

EUROPEAN CONFLICT; THE DUTCH Results/Importance of Dutch Independence Common traits between the English/Dutch: Strong Economies Strong Navies Urban Societies Less Religious Persecution More open-minded (intellectually)