Research Methods Chapter 2

The Experiment Cause and Effect Hypothesis

The Experiment 2. Participants Population Sample population

The Experiment 3. Variables Independent variable Dependent variable Operational Definitions

The Experiment 4. Groups Experimental group Control group placebo

The Experiment 5. Problems Experimenter bias Confounding variables

The Experiment 6. Control Measures Single blind Double blind randomization

Ethics in Research Informed Consent Deception Protection from Harm Confidentiality Withdrawal Debriefing

Other Methods Longitudinal Cross-Sectional

Other Methods Naturalistic Observation

Other Methods Correlation NOT Causation

Other Methods Survey

Other Methods Case Study

Misc. Terms and Ideas Ex Post Facto Validity Hindsight bias Overconfidence Quasi-experiments

Quasi-experiments Measurement of dependent variables when independent variables were not entirely under the experimenter’s control + can provide strong evidence suggesting cause-effect relationship Behavioral genetics- the study of how genes and heredity affect behavior Family studies & twin studies - lack of control may weaken conclusions Measurement of dependent variables when independent variables were not entirely under the experimenter’s control + can provide strong evidence suggesting cause-effect relationship Behavioral genetics- the study of how genes and heredity affect behavior Family studies & twin studies - lack of control may weaken conclusions

Statistics Describing Data Figure displays a distribution of different brand truck still on the road after a decade. By changing the scales you can make the difference look big or small, with the same data. Pay attention to what you are looking at. Read the scales.

Descriptive Statistics Distribution of data Frequency distribution Histogram Normal Curve

Descriptive Statistics Measure of Central Tendency Mode Mean Median

Descriptive Statistics Measures of Variation Range Standard Deviation

Descriptive Statistics Correlation Coefficient Positive Negative Scatterplot

Inferential Statistics Probability and Chance Statistical Significance