Notes on Moods of Language

Indicative Imperative Subjunctive In languages there are three “moods” of speech, each having a specific use and purpose: Indicative Imperative Subjunctive

I. Uses of the Indicative Mood The Indicative is used to express certainty, beliefs and “facts” (not truths). I bought a new car. They’re feeling sick. I will call you tonight. The moon is made of blue cheese. **Note: The Indicative expresses the speaker’s certainty– his or her perspective or belief about an action, situation or condition. It does NOT comment on the actual “truth” of an action or condition.

II. Uses of the Imperative Mood The Imperative is used to “influence” (either expressed overtly or subtely, rudely or “politely”) the actions of others. Shut up! Don’t touch me! Let’s decide later where we’ll go. Have a good weekend. Come here please.

III. Uses of the Subjunctive Mood The Subjunctive is used to express potential actions– actions that are not CURRENTLY happening (but might occur under certain conditions or situations). to influence someone else’s actions I want you to go to the store. to express hopes, needs, desires, wishes I hope that they get what they deserve. to express uncertainty or doubt I doubt that he’ll show up for the meeting.

III. Uses of the Subjunctive Mood (continued) to express doubt of existence The manager is looking for an employee who speaks Guaraní, Japanese and English. to express potential actions/conditions They always have their cellphones in case there is an emergency to express hypothetical situations If I were president, I would put my face on the $100 bill.