Dangers of War New technology was more accurate Led to increased death due to poor tactics Medical care was lacking Amputations were performed to prevent infection Tents and tools weren’t often cleaned well Infection and disease were up to 40% of all deaths Prisoners of war were kept in horrible prison camps Huge numbers died in both North and South

Draft Laws In North and South, they began running out of soldiers Fewer volunteers as war went on Many deserters—soldiers who ran away Both sides began a draft, required men between certain ages to join the army Northerners rioted due to the $300 waiver you could pay Lincoln suspended habeus corpus to arrest rioters Southerners disliked that Plantation owners were given exemptions

New Goals for the North War did not start off with the goal to end slavery. Lincoln wanted to save the Union He needed to handle the slavery issue gently for border states to accept (still had slavery). If they shifted sides, it would mean more resources for the South. By 1862 he felt he needed to broaden the goals in order to save the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation In January 1863, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation It declared that the Union Army would free slaves in rebellious territory Only affected states in the Confederacy Targeted slavery because of its importance to the Southern economy Lincoln realized that freeing slaves would cripple the cotton industry

Effects of Emancipation Making slavery a focus of the war won respect from Europe Made it less likely that they would trade as much with the Confederacy African-Americans now allowed to join the army Previously banned from doing so until 1862 Slaves in the South begin to resist work more to weaken the economy and war effort Hear about the Proclamation through a series of northern spies

African-Americans in the Union Army African-Americans begin to join the Union army in large numbers starting in 1862 Over 200,000 serve by the end of the war About 40,000 died serving in the army Originally were used as labor Did not fight in combat until 1863 Served in all black units Only white soldiers were allowed to be in command of units

Inequality in the Army African-American soldiers were originally paid much less than white soldiers Monthly pay $7 compared to $16 for whites Equal pay was granted in 1864 Black soldiers were more than twice as likely to die from disease or illness Not given the same medical care Some inequality was erased due to the acts of units like the Massachusetts 54th First black regiment in the war, over 50% died in a raid on Fort Wagner in South Carolina

Blacks behind Confederate Lines Some African-Americans served as spies for the Union Snuck into plantations to inform about the Emancipation Proclamation Slaves would flee after the Union army came into an area Over 25% of slaves in the South ran away in the war Other slaves began to act in ways to slow the war effort Breaking tools, destroying crops, etc.

Women in the War Women began to volunteer as nurses in North and South More nurses allowed for better medical care and fewer deaths Clara Barton served as a nurse and later created the American Red Cross Many modern ideas from nurses, like triage Some women dressed as men to join the army Other women began to work in factories and fields to ensure enough supplies for the army

Turning Points: Vicksburg Vicksburg was the last major defense of the Confederacy on the Mississippi River From May to July of 1863, General Grant laid siege to the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi Cut off supplies in to and out of the city “Sappers” dug into hills to cause building collapses The town runs out of supplies and is forced to surrender Gives the Union full control of the Mississippi River

Turning Points: Gettysburg As the Vicksburg siege was ending, Lee was attacking in the East The new Union General Meade had his army make a stand at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Meade’s men were positioned on hills around the town Allowed them to repel charges Lee is forced to retreat after three days and over 51,000 dead or wounded Meade does not pursue Lee’s retreating army

Fallout The Union controlled the whole Mississippi River Cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from aiding the armies in the East Lincoln fires Meade as the head of the Army of the Potomac Places Grant in charge of the whole Union Army, east and west Grant convinces Lincoln to approve a plan for “total war” Attempt to win the war by destroying anything and everything potentially useful to the South