Jeff Venables Northwestern High School CHEMISTRY 1 Honors Organic Chemistry Jeff Venables Northwestern High School

Carbon C atoms form covalent bonds with one another, and with H,O,N,Cl, and other nonmetals. There are MANY organic compounds C atoms each form 4 bonds C atoms can make chains Allotropes of carbon: Diamond – covalent network solid All C atoms are bonded to 4 other C atoms, making one big molecule of carbon. All C atoms have a tetrahedral shape with 109° angles. Hardest substance known

Graphite – Layers of hexagonal patterns. Within each layer, every C atom is bonded to three other C atoms (trigonal planar, 120°). Layers “slide” past one another – held together by London Dispersion Forces. Used in pencil “lead” and in lubricants.

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons – composed only of hydrogen and carbon. All Carbon atoms have 4 bonds, hydrogen atoms have 1 bond. Alkanes – also called saturated hydrocarbons All single bonds Formula is CnH2n+2 Named based on number of carbon atoms: 1 = methane 6 = hexane 2 = ethane 7 = heptane 3 = propane 8 = octane 4 = butane 9 = nonane 5 = pentane 10 = decane

Types of Formulas: Empirical – shows the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule (C2H5) Molecular – shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule (C4H10) Structural – shows how atoms are connected in a molecule. 4. Condensed – structural formula with bonds omitted: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3 5. Skeletal – all letters are removed:

Hexane

Examples – Name the following compounds: C5H12 pentane C7H16 heptane