Photograph Courtesy of Union of Concerned Scientists Website

China Leads in Co2 Emissions, But the US Has the Largest Footprint China 5 tons of CO2 per head; China 5 tons of CO2 per head; European Union 10 tons of CO2 per head European Union 10 tons of CO2 per head USA 20 tons CO2 per head USA 20 tons CO2 per head Much of Chinas CO2 is produced manufacturing Products for U.S. consumer Much of Chinas CO2 is produced manufacturing Products for U.S. consumer

Wind Turbines Reduce CO2 For each wind turbine installed, an average of 1,000 tons of CO2 emissions are avoided International Carbon Bank & Exchange: Carbon Database, CO2 Reduction Calculator

Wind Farms in the U.S Courtesy of the American Wind Energy Assoc. The top five states in new installations were Texas (774 MW), Washington (428 MW), California (212 MW), New York (185 MW) and Minnesota (150 MW)

Wind Powers Influence is Growing Growing rapidly worldwide on a percentage basis (25% annually from ); Total installed U.S. wind capacity at year's end 2006 was 11,603 MW - equivalent of nearly 3 million average households (hh of 8 million people); Globally, 15,197 MW of new wind capacity was added in Current installed capacity worldwide at the end of 2005 was 74,223 MW; Denmark and some regions of Spain and Germany now have 10% to 25% of electricity generated from wind power Source: American Wind Energy Association

What Wind Power Can do for its Country U.S. wind turbines produce enough electricity to meet the needs of more than 3 million households U.S. wind turbines produce enough electricity to meet the needs of more than 3 million households A single modern wind turbine can produce enough power to meet the annual electricity needs of 500 average homes. A single modern wind turbine can produce enough power to meet the annual electricity needs of 500 average homes.

State Legislation 2007 Oregon Legislature adopted law that 25% of electricity come from clean, homegrown renewable energy sources by 2025; 2007 Oregon Legislature adopted law that 25% of electricity come from clean, homegrown renewable energy sources by 2025; Oregon - no parallel land use supersiting or expedited siting policies; Oregon - no parallel land use supersiting or expedited siting policies; Washington has expedited siting policies Washington has expedited siting policies Wa. Governor authority to preempt local land use decisions Wa. Governor authority to preempt local land use decisions

Issues Aesthetics Aesthetics Noise Noise Ice Fall Ice Fall Turbine collapse Turbine collapse Wind Turbine Syndrome Wind Turbine Syndrome Wildlife – particularly avian and bat impacts Wildlife – particularly avian and bat impacts

Comparison of Avian Wind Power Mortality with Other Human Influences Annual mortality estimate Percent composition Buildings 550 million58.2 percent Power lines130 million 13.7 percent Cats 100 million 10.6 percent Automobiles 80 million 8.5 percent Pesticides 67 million 7.1 percent Communications towers 4.5 million 0.5 percent Wind turbines 28.5 thousand <0.01 percent Airplanes 25 thousand <0.01 percent Other sources (oil spills, oil seeps, fishing by-catch, etc.) not calculated Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions: Erickson, Johnson and Young (2005)

Potential Adverse Effects on Radar Can Be Mitigated Report To The Congressional Defense Committees: The Effect of Windmill Farms On Military Readiness 2006: No wind farm within radar line of sight Report June 2007 DOD Specific to Cape Wind – Mitigation –wind farm ok so long as establish 25 km wind turbine offset or buffer zone to "mitigate impact" Report June 2007 DOD Specific to Cape Wind – Mitigation –wind farm ok so long as establish 25 km wind turbine offset or buffer zone to "mitigate impact"

Land Use Battles Lathrop v. State Energy facility Site Evaluation Council, 130 Wash. App 147, 121 P3d 774 (2005) (affirming expedited facility siting). Lathrop v. State Energy facility Site Evaluation Council, 130 Wash. App 147, 121 P3d 774 (2005) (affirming expedited facility siting). Ecogen LLC v. Town of Italy, 438 FSupp2d 149 (2006) (affd 2 year moratorium on wind siting projects). Ecogen LLC v. Town of Italy, 438 FSupp2d 149 (2006) (affd 2 year moratorium on wind siting projects). Bomba v. Zoning Board of Appeals of the Town of Princeton, 2005 WL (September 1, 2005) (unreported) (wind power facility flunks 35 ft. height restriction) Bomba v. Zoning Board of Appeals of the Town of Princeton, 2005 WL (September 1, 2005) (unreported) (wind power facility flunks 35 ft. height restriction) Womble v. Wasco County, ___ Or LUBA ___ (LUBA No , April 10, 2007) (due dilligence work for temporary facilities subjected to land use standards). Womble v. Wasco County, ___ Or LUBA ___ (LUBA No , April 10, 2007) (due dilligence work for temporary facilities subjected to land use standards).

Cape Wind – Americas First Offshore Wind Power Facility Issue: Should a wind farm be built in Nantucket Sound? Issue: Should a wind farm be built in Nantucket Sound? High profile legal, political and legislative battle raging for more than 5 years High profile legal, political and legislative battle raging for more than 5 years Temporary facility finally approved and recording good energy prospects Temporary facility finally approved and recording good energy prospects DOD lifted radar conflict obstacle June 2007 DOD lifted radar conflict obstacle June 2007 Still long way to go permits hoped for in 2008 – turbine construction and installation 2010 Still long way to go permits hoped for in 2008 – turbine construction and installation 2010

View from 5.6 miles away

View From 6.5 Miles Away

View From 13.8 Miles Away

Navigating Multi-jurisdictional Hurdles Most projects require determination of compatibility with local land use rules; State energy siting authorities must approve; Off Shore – Army Corps of Engineers (submerged lands); US Minerals Management Service (continental shelf beyond three mile limit); NOAA ( ; FERC; FAA; DOD; Dept. Homeland Security; Off Shore – Army Corps of Engineers (submerged lands); US Minerals Management Service (continental shelf beyond three mile limit); NOAA (National Marine Sanctuaries Act and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation Act); FERC; FAA; DOD; Dept. Homeland Security; Proposed FERC Rules for Off Shore Projects Proposed FERC Rules for Off Shore Projects