Notes Chapter 8 Section 2 February 13, 2017

Clash of Philosophies In early 1800’s, there were 3 schools of political thought that fought for dominance in European society. Each one believed that their way of thinking would best serve the people within the confines of their borders. Each one of these philosophies will attract different followers on how society should run.

1) Conservatives- Usually wealthy property owners and nobility 1) Conservatives- Usually wealthy property owners and nobility. Protected the traditional monarchies of Europe. 2) Liberals- consisted of middle class business leaders and merchants. Wanted to give more power to parliaments BUT only the educated and landowners would actually get to vote. 3) Radicals- favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. Believed that govt. should practice ideals such as liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

Nationalism Develops These 3 ideals will continue to debate. In doing so it will lead to a new movement known as nationalism. Belief that a people’s loyalty should not be devoted to any king or monarch but instead to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. This new belief will quickly blur the lines between the big 3 viewpoints of government.

When a nation had its own independent government, it became a nation-state. This nation-state defends the nations territory and way of life, and represents itself to the rest of the world. In 1815 only France, England, and Spain were considered nation-states.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power The first people to win “self-rule” were the Greeks. For centuries the Greeks were controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Due to the rising ideal of nationalism the Greeks will rise up in rebel against the Ottoman Turks in 1821. This act will upset many of the government throughout Europe. Why???

Over time popular support will grow for the Greeks and eventually powerful nations will take their side. In 1827 British, French, and Russian forces destroyed the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Navarino. 3 years later these countries will sign a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece.

This revolution along with the idea of Nationalism, will ultimately spark many more revolutions all throughout Europe and even in Russia. Then by 1848 the conservatives will slowly regain almost all their power and influence and reassert themselves in the government.

Radicals Change France In 1830 King Charles X of France will try to return the government to an absolute monarchy. This will create widespread riots and Charles X will be forced to flee to Great Britain. Will be replaced by Louis-Philippe, who always supported liberal reforms.

Louis-Philippe will reign 18 yrs Louis-Philippe will reign 18 yrs. Will fall out of favor and will be forced out due to mobocracy. Will reestablish another republic. This new republic will start off being weak and will never recover. Factions will split amongst the radicals. One side wanting social and economic change and the other wanting only political reform.

This will cause bloody riots and battles all throughout the Parisian streets. This will turn people away from the radicals and their way of thinking and eventually a moderate minded constitution was drawn up in 1848. Called for a Parliament and strong president to be elected by the people. Eventually the Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon will win the presidential election and after 4 years will declare himself emperor of France. He will actually be well liked and will help France prosper.