More dramatic biological changes. Macroevolution More dramatic biological changes.

Macroevolution Examples The origin of different species The extinction of species The evolution of new features like wings or flowers

What is a species? A population whose members have the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Definition of species Organisms of the same species: Have similar function and structure Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Are genetically distinct from other species Have a common phylogeny (evolutionary development) Have a common gene pool

TYPES OF EVOLUTION Convergent

Convergent Evolution Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits due to adaptations to similar environments

Divergent Evolution related species become dissimilar

Divergent Evolution common ancestor but adapted to different environments Ex: Red fox and Kit fox

Coevolution joint change in 2 or more species due to their interactions

Coevolution Ex: between predators and prey, parasites and hosts Ex: bats and flowers Ex: Hawkmoth and flower

Understanding a phylogeny a phylogeny shows evolutionary history like an upside down pedigree chart the diagram is called a cladogram shows the evolution of related species

Cladograms Speciation event Ancestral lineage

--- unique history of B unique ancestor of C Cladograms A B C A B C --- unique history of B unique ancestor of C --- unique history of C common ancestor of B & C --- shared history of B and C common ancestor of A, B, C

Clade a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants A clade A clade Not a clade Not a clade

Example Sharks Ray-finned fish Amphibians Primates Rodents & Rabbits Crocodiles Dinosaurs & birds Vertebrae Bony skeleton Four limbs Amniotic egg Pre-orbital fenestra