NAMING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Functional Groups that have a prefix Branched alkanes See hydrocarbons notes

Haloalkanes Name the longest carbon chain Give a prefix for the halogen: Flouro Chloro Bromo Iodo Number the location of the halogen so that it has lowest # possible If more than one halogen, use di/tri prefix

Functional Groups that have a different ending than -ane Alkenes/Alkynes Find longest carbon chain Add –ene for a double bond ending or –yne for a triple bond Number the location of the double bonds so it has lowest # possible

Alcohols Name longest chain Use ending –anol Number carbons to figure out what carbon the –OH group is on Number can go at the front or right before ending. The latter is often used when there is more than one functional group on a molecule

R-Group is a carbon group Classification R-Group is a carbon group Locate the carbon to which the functional group is attached primary 1 - attached to 1 R group (at the end of a carbon chain) secondary 2 - attached to 2 R groups (at a branch of a carbon chain) tertiary 3 - attached to 3 R groups

Carboxylic Acids Name longest chain Use ending –anoic acid

Aldehydes/Ketones Name longest chain If carbonyl (C=O) is on the end: Use ending –anal no number needed unless higher priority functional group is on molecule in the middle: Use ending -anone Number carbons to figure out what carbon the C=O group is on Number can go at the front or right before ending. The latter is often used when there is more than one functional group on a molecule CH3 ethanal

Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen.

Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen.

Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen.

Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen.

Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N-(substituent)” name and add as prefix

Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N-(substituent)” name and add as prefix

Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N-(substituent)” name and add as prefix

Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix

Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix

Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix

Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix

Ethanoic acid

Ethanoic acid Ethanol

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Water

CONDENSATION REACTION!!!!!!!! Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Water CONDENSATION REACTION!!!!!!!!

In the first step, the ethanoic acid takes a proton (a hydrogen ion) from the concentrated sulphuric acid. The proton becomes attached to one of the lone pairs on the oxygen which is double-bonded to the carbon The transfer of the proton to the oxygen gives it a positive charge, but it is actually misleading to draw the structure in this way (although nearly everybody does!).