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Chapter 19 Table of Contents Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Section 3 Complex Multicellularity

Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Objectives Identify the characteristics used to classify kingdoms. Differentiate bacteria from archaebacteria.

The Six Kingdoms of Life Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Six Kingdoms of Life Living organisms are divided into six kingdoms and are grouped according to their cell type, complexity, and method for obtaining nutrition. Organisms are either prokaryotes, which have prokaryotic cells, or eukaryotes, which have eukaryotic cells. The cells of the organisms in four kingdoms have a cell wall, which may be composed of different materials. The cells of the organisms in one kingdom do not have a cell wall.

Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Chapter 19 Parts of a Cell Wall Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Parts of a Cell Wall

The Six Kingdoms of Life, continued Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Six Kingdoms of Life, continued Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular. Many organisms are autotrophs. Autotrophs make nutrients from inorganic materials. Many other organisms are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs get nutrients by consuming other organisms.

Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Six Kingdoms

Chapter 19 Kingdoms of Life Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Kingdoms of Life

Kingdom Characteristics Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Kingdom Characteristics

Comparing Organisms That Are Unicellular and Multicellular Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Comparing Organisms That Are Unicellular and Multicellular

Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

The Three Domains of Life Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Three Domains of Life Biologists have adopted a classification system that divides all organisms into three superkingdoms, or domains. The domain thought to be the oldest is Bacteria, which is composed of the organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea is the second prokaryotic domain and is also composed of a single kingdom, Archaebacteria. A third domain, Eukarya, contains all four of the eukaryotic kingdoms: Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), Plantae (plants), and Protista (protists).

Three Domains of Living Organisms Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Three Domains of Living Organisms

Six-Kingdom System of Classification Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Six-Kingdom System of Classification

Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Bacteria

Chapter 19 The Domain Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria Bacteria have strong exterior cell walls made of peptidoglycan, a weblike molecule complex made of carbohydrate strands cross-linked by short peptide bridges. Unlike the genes of eukaryotes and archaebacteria, bacterial genes have no introns. The amino acid sequences of the ribosome proteins and RNA polymerases found in bacteria differ from those found in eukaryotes or in archaebacteria.

Characteristics of Bacteria Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Characteristics of Bacteria

The Domain Bacteria, continued Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Bacteria, continued Kinds of Bacteria Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth. Some bacteria cause disease. Other bacteria are used by humans to process foods. Bacteria are used to control agricultural pests, to produce various chemicals, and to perform genetic engineering. Some bacteria are chemoautotrophs, some are photosynthetic, and others are heterotrophic.

Chapter 19 The Domain Archaea Characteristics of Archaebacteria Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Archaea Characteristics of Archaebacteria The cell walls of archaebacteria do not contain peptidoglycan, as the cell walls of bacteria do. Archaebacteria contain lipids very different from those of bacteria or eukaryotes. As with the genes of eukaryotes, the genes of archaebacteria are interrupted by introns.

The Domain Archaea, continued Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Archaea, continued Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens obtain energy by combining hydrogen gas, H2, and carbon dioxide, CO2, to form methane gas, CH4. A group of extremophiles called thermophiles lives in very hot places—up to 106ºC. Halophiles inhabit very salty lakes that can be three times as salty as seawater. Nonextreme archaebacteria grow in all the same environments that bacteria do.

Origins of a Eukaryotic Cell Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Origins of a Eukaryotic Cell

Chapter 19 The Domain Eukarya Characteristics of Eukarya Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Eukarya Characteristics of Eukarya All eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus and other internal compartments. True multicellularity, in which the activities of individual cells are coordinated and the cells themselves are in contact, occurs only in eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction.

The Domain Eukarya, continued Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 The Domain Eukarya, continued Kinds of Eukarya Protista contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms, many of which are aquatic. Fungi are a group of heterotrophs that are mostly multicellular. Fungi are composed of cells with cell walls of chitin. Almost all plants are autotrophs and have cells with cell walls composed of cellulose. All animals are heterotrophs composed of cells that do not have cell walls.

Kingdom and Domain Characteristics Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Chapter 19 Kingdom and Domain Characteristics

Chapter 19 Objectives Contrast the terms colony and aggregate. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Objectives Contrast the terms colony and aggregate. List the characteristics of protists. List the characteristics of fungi.

The Many Forms of Multicellularity Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity The Many Forms of Multicellularity Colonies Occasionally, the cell walls of bacteria adhere to one another. These formations cannot be considered truly multicellular, however, because few cell activities are coordinated. Such bacteria may properly be considered colonial. A colonial organism is a group of cells that are permanently associated but that do not communicate with one another.

The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Aggregations An aggregation is a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate. For example, a plasmodial slime mold is a unicellular organism that spends most of its life as single-celled amoebas. When starved, however, these cells aggregate into a large group. This weblike mass produces spores, which are then dispersed to distant locations where there may be more food.

The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued True Multicellularity A multicellular organism is an organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another. Multicellularity enables cells to specialize in different functions. These cells grow and undergo differentiation, the process by which cells develop a specialized form and function.

Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Differentiation

The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Complex Multicellularity The specialized cells of most plants and animals are organized into structures called tissues and organs. A tissue is a distinct group of cells with similar structure and function. Different tissues may be organized into an organ, which is a specialized structure with a specific function. Various organs that carry out a major body function make up an organ system.

The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued Complex Multicellularity Specialized cells form tissue that makes up an organ called the lung. The lungs and other organs constitute an organ system.

Chapter 19 Kingdom Protista Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Kingdom Protista Members of the kingdom Protista, protists, are defined on the basis of a single characteristic: they are eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals. Many are unicellular; in fact, all single-celled eukaryotes (except yeasts) are protists. Protists normally reproduce asexually by means of mitotic cell division.

Kingdom Protista, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Kingdom Protista, continued Kinds of Protists Amoebas are protists that have flexible surfaces with no cell walls or flagella; they move by using extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopodia. Many protists, including autotrophs and heterotrophs, move by using flagella. Diatoms are photosynthetic protists with unique double shells made of silica, like boxes with lids.

Kingdom Protista, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Kingdom Protista, continued Kinds of Protists Algae are photosynthetic protists and are distinguished by the kinds of chlorophyll they contain. Slime molds and water molds are often confused with fungi because they aggregate in times of stress to form spore-producing bodies. Sporozoans are nonmotile unicellular parasites that form spores.

Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Kingdom Fungi The bodies of fungi consist of long strands of cells that are connected end to end and that share cytoplasm. The slender strands of fungi are called hyphae. Like plants, fungi do not move from place to place. Like animals, fungi are heterotrophs.

Kingdom Fungi, continued Chapter 19 Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Kingdom Fungi, continued Kinds of Fungi Zygomycetes form structures for sexual reproduction called zygosporangia. Basidiomycetes include fungi that make mushrooms. Ascomycetes form sexual spores in special saclike structures called asci.

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Objectives Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds. Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules. Describe the components of DNA and RNA. State the main role of ATP in cells.

Chapter 19 Kingdom Plantae Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Plantae Plants are complex multicellular autotrophs; they have specialized cells and tissues. Most plants have vascular tissue, which is made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting water and dissolved nutrients. Plants are sources of food for humans and other animals.

Vascular Tissue Systems in Plants Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Vascular Tissue Systems in Plants

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Types of Plant Cells

Kingdom Plantae, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Plantae, continued Kinds of Plants Plants without a well-developed system of vascular tissues are called nonvascular plants. Mosses are the most familiar example of nonvascular plants. Plants with a well-developed system of vascular tissues are called vascular plants. Their larger, more-complex bodies are organized into roots, stems, and leaves. Most plants are vascular plants.

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Parts of a Moss

Kingdom Plantae, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Plantae, continued Kinds of Plants Ferns are the most common and familiar seedless vascular plants. They reproduce with spores that are resistant to drying. Gymnosperms are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers. Most plants that produce seeds also produce flowers. Flowering plants are called angiosperms.

Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds

Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds

Chapter 19 Kingdom Animalia Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Animalia Animals are complex multicellular heterotrophs. Almost all animals (99 percent) are invertebrates; that is, they lack a backbone. Of the more than 1 million living species, only about 42,500 have a backbone; they are referred to as vertebrates.

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Invertebrate

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Vertebrate

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kinds of Vertebrates

Kingdom Animalia, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Animalia, continued Kinds of Animals Animals can range in size from 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) microscopic mites that live on your skin to enormous whales, which are vertebrates, and giant squids, which are invertebrates. The many kinds of animals can be roughly grouped into six categories. Sponges are the only animals that do not have tissues, but they do have specialized cells.

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Sponges

Kingdom Animalia, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Animalia, continued Kinds of Animals Cnidarians are mostly marine animals; they include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. Mollusks have a saclike tissue called a coelom that encloses internal organs. They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids. A variety of animals with cylinder-shaped bodies, called worms, live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Characteristics of Cnidarians Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Cnidarians

Characteristics of Mollusks Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Mollusks

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Types of Mollusks

Kingdom Animalia, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Animalia, continued Kinds of Animals Arthropods have an external skeleton. They also have jointed appendages, such as antennae and jaws. Two-thirds of all named species of animals are arthropods, most of them insects. Echinoderms, a group of invertebrates includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. Vertebrates have an internal skeleton made of bone, a vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain contained in a bony skull. Vertebrates include mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

Characteristics of Arthropods Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Arthropods

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Types of Arthropods

Characteristics of Echinoderms Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Characteristics of Echinoderms

Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Types of Echinoderms

Kingdom Animalia, continued Chapter 19 Section 3 Complex Multicellularity Kingdom Animalia, continued Ecological Roles Some animals are detritivores, animals that feed on waste and dead tissue. Other animals, such as buffalo that eat grass, are primary consumers. Many animals, such as humans, bears, and lions, are secondary consumers that eat primary consumers. Finally, some animals, such as intestinal worms, act as parasites and may cause disease in other animals.

Chapter 19 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice Use the phylogenetic tree of kingdoms below to answer questions 1–3.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? A. Protista and Fungi B. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria C. Eubacteria and Protista D. Archaebacteria and Fungi

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? A. Protista and Fungi B. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria C. Eubacteria and Protista D. Archaebacteria and Fungi

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. One reason Archaebacteria and Protista are placed on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree is that organisms in both kingdoms have similar F. ribosomal proteins. G. lipids in their cell membranes. H. nuclear structures. J. forms of multicellular organization.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. One reason Archaebacteria and Protista are placed on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree is that organisms in both kingdoms have similar F. ribosomal proteins. G. lipids in their cell membranes. H. nuclear structures. J. forms of multicellular organization.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which kingdoms are made up exclusively of heterotrophs? A. Animalia and Protista B. Animalia and Fungi C. Fungi and Protista D. Protista and Eubacteria

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 19 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which kingdoms are made up exclusively of heterotrophs? A. Animalia and Protista B. Animalia and Fungi C. Fungi and Protista D. Protista and Eubacteria