The Coming of War Chapter 14

Communism In theory: No private property All people have social & economic equality Government administers all businesses for the good of the people All workers of the world will eventually unite under communism In the Soviet Union: Inefficiency in production Party leaders have more power and much better standard of living Most people have low standard of living

Fascism Free market capitalism (mostly) Strong charismatic leadership Strongly militaristic Strongly nationalistic Generally strongly religious Emphasis on “family values” & traditional gender roles The “good of the state” = personal sacrifice for the greater good Communism is evil & must be destroyed Sometimes an element of racism

The Political Spectrum Radical Liberal Moderate Conservative (Reactionary) Includes Communism & Socialism Democratic Party Includes most people Republican Party Fascism

Totalitarianism Leadership by one dictator or small group Government control of many aspects of people’s lives Usually a secret police Very little personal or political freedom for the individual

Soviet Union - Communism Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel” “Cult of Personality” Purges of … well, lots of people An estimated 30 million in the 1930s The Gulag Pushed for frantic and radical agricultural and industrial growth

“Under the leadership of Great Stalin – Forward to Communism!”

Italy - Fascism Benito Mussolini Fascist Party (1919) “Blackshirts” “Even the trains ran on time” Supported by the Catholic Church Supported by the monarchy in Italy Promoted extreme nationalism and militarism

Germany - Fascism Adolf Hitler “cult of personality” Der Führer National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) Promoted German ethnic solidarity Elements of racism Emphasized need for Lebensraum – “living space” Ended depression in Germany

American Neutrality Neutrality Act 1939 – “Cash and Carry” provision Any nation could purchase goods and arms from U.S. as long as they paid cash and carried on their own ships Who benefited from this? Why?

American Neutrality Lend-Lease Act 1941 – Roosevelt could sell, transfer, exchange, lend, lease any defense article to any government as long as he thought it was necessary in the interest of the defense of the United States U.S. sent over $40 billion in lend-lease aid to Allies by 1945 It was considered an Economic declaration of war against the Axis Powers

American Neutrality Atlantic Charter (August 1941) – Roosevelt and Churchill endorsed national self- determination and international system of general security Identified a deepening alliance between the U.S. and Britain

ALLIED POWERS Britain France Soviet Union United States China 53 other nations AXIS POWERS Germany Italy Japan 20 other nations

Pearl Harbor Attack Video “Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. “

“Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation.” “As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense, that always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.”

“Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger.” “With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph. So help us God. “ “I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.” -President Franklin D. Roosevelt - December 8, 1941