Argument Research Paper Writing Unit

Journal Entry #9 Put yourself in the role of one of these women in the video. Now describe the role of freedom as you serve a life prison sentence. (What does freedom mean to a person serving life?) What does this say about the price of freedom?

Context Every individual is granted various freedoms in this life. Sometimes our choices impede those freedoms, as seen in the video.  Today's lesson takes a look at our freedoms, according to President Roosevelt's speech, and the ethics, morals and norms we associate with living a life of freedom.

The Building Blocks of Argument Logos, Ethos and Pathos

TYPES OF APPEAL In his work Rhetoric, written in the 4th century BCE, Aristotle identified three main types of appeal that speakers or writers used in trying to persuade their audiences. These three types of appeal are still seen in persuasive writing today. (Persuasive writing encompasses both argumentation and persuasion.)

TYPES OF APPEAL LOGOS- Logical Appeal Persuasive language based on logic. Appeals to people’s reason, understanding and common sense. Evidence may include: Facts Case studies Statistics Experiments Analogies Authoritative testimony

TYPES OF APPEAL con’t ETHOS- Ethical Appeal Persuasive language that presents an appeal based upon the speaker’s reputation or authority. (NOT ethics/morals-- you are not considering the good or evil of the argument. You are considering the trustworthiness of the speaker.) Elements to consider: Trustworthiness * Credibility * Reliability Reliable sources Fairness Expert testimony (is this person qualified to speak on this subject? )

TYPES OF APPEAL con’t PATHOS- Emotional Appeal Persuasive language that contains an appeal to the reader’s emotions People accept the claim without fully analyzing the rationale behind it. Can be powerful, but also manipulative. Think- is the speaker/writer simply “using” my emotions, or is there support for their argument? (No support= pathos) Ex. Political advertisements that show politicians kissing babies and petting stray animals. (What good will that do us when they take office?)

Creating Arguments Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Methods of Persuasion

To Develop Logos Effect: Theoretical, abstract language Denotative meanings/reasons Literal and historical analogies Definitions Factual data and statistics Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed opinions Effect: Evokes a cognitive, rationale response

To Develop Ethos Language appropriate to audience and subject Restrained, sincere, fair minded presentation Appropriate level of vocabulary Correct grammar     Effect Demonstrates author's reliability, competence, and respect for the audience's ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy

To Develop Pathos Effect Vivid, concrete language Emotionally loaded language Connotative meanings Emotional examples Vivid descriptions Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone Figurative language Effect Evokes an emotional response

Coding Text Mark Your text with the following symbols: C-claim E-evidence CA-Counterargument L-logos E-ethos P-pathos

Freedom From Want Norman Rockwell

Freedom from Fear Norman Rockwell

Freedom of Speech Norman Rockwell

Freedom of Worship Norman Rockwell