Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945.

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Presentation transcript:

Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945

Britain’s Need Million tons of material per week 3,000 merchant ships 2,500 were at sea very day Imports came from all over Empire Atlantic crossing most important because of USA

Fair Game 10 hours after declaration of war U-boats began attacking civilian & military shipping Passenger liners - Athena Merchant shipping Royal Navy vessels

Was Britain Ready? Underestimated German U-boat scheme More concerned with emerging surface vessels Britain’s naval program was tailored to surface warfare Over confidence in ASDIC

Early Royal Navy Losses Aircraft carrier Courageous - Sept 17, 1939 518 lives Battleship Royal Oak - Oct 14, 1939 In Scapa Flow 833 lives Aircraft carrier Ark Royal - Nov 13, 1941

Wolf Packs Admiral Karl Donitz Champion of U-Boats Most influential of Naval staff Navy as a whole was not politically powerful

Karl Donitz

Wolf Packs 46 U-boats at outset of the war Early in the war, Germany was replacing subs 2 per month - kept up with losses Not all were ocean going vessels - coastal

Watch it Go Down

Wolf Packs June 1940 - 600,000 tons Hunting individually was inefficient Donitz developed pack strategy U-boats would spread out along shipping lines Once one had made contact - the captain would contact HQ

Life on a U-Boat

Life on a U-Boat

Wolf Packs Sub would shadow convoy Others would converge They would attack Invasion of Western Europe interrupted plans Sept - Nov 1940 - “Happy Time” for packs

Survivors

Torpedo

The Atlantic

Raiders & Marauders Surface Attacks Pocket Battleships Graf Spee, Scharnhorst, Deutschland, Scheer Disguised, alone Sunk 130 ships

Graf Spee

Bismarck

Raiders & Marauders Bismarck and Prinz Eugen put to Sea May 1941 Hunted and killed German surface navy no match for the Royal Navy

Convoy Early they were poorly organized and protected 30 - 45 freighters Slow moving Corvettes were escort vessels of choice Much like shepherds

Liberty Ships 1939-1940 The US built 102 ships 1942 they built 646 By 1943 they were producing 140 ships a month

Liberty Ships Prefabricated components 441 feet long, 11 knots, range of 17,000 miles, $2 million per hull Could carry 10,800 tons of cargo “Ugly Ducklings”

Liberty Ships Components were built all over the country Transported to Pacific coast by rail The biggest cranes in history lifted the components into place Tugs pulled the ships to a finishing area to make way for new hull 1.5 million people working in the yards

Technology ASDIC improved Radar installed on vessels to find surfaced U-Boats Huff-Duff allowed RN and RCN to track U-boat radio transmissions - triangulation Star shells

Depth Charge

Technology Depth charges Statistical study allowed for larger convoys over 60 ships at times Air power Hedge hogs

Airpower

Hedge Hog

Hedge Hog

Turn of the Tide Tonnage losses peaked in June’ 42 - 830,000 tons By August 1943 losses were down to 150,000 tons By May 1945, 3/4 of submariners had been killed

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