DR. Rahul B. PATIL Veer Wajekar ASC College, Phunde Class: FYBSc ETHOLOGY DR. Rahul B. PATIL Veer Wajekar ASC College, Phunde Class: FYBSc

INTRODUCTION Definition: The branch of biology that deals with the study of animal behaviour is called as ethology. It explains ‘why’ that is cause and ‘how’ that is mechanism of an animal behavoiur. It provides the clues about status and health of environment.

Types of animal behaviour 1. Innate behaviour- 2. Learned behaviour Habituation Imprinting Filial imprinting Sexual imprinting c) Classical conditioning d) Instrumental learning e) Insight learning

Innate behaviour Controlled by genes Instinct/ Inborn Transmitted from generation to generation Innate behaviors are those you develop on your own, which do not need to be taught or learned.

Innate behaviour Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938) examined egg-rolling behavior in the greylag goose. If the egg slipped away, she continued the motion. Once started, the behavior must be completed in a specific way.

Innate behaviour In male sticklebacks, the sign stimulus for attack behavior, is the red underside of an intruder. (a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

Innate behaviour Significance- Necessary for carrying out basic functions of life Necessary for survival of species. To develop nervous system.

Learned behaviour Learned through experience Learning and memory. Necessary for natural selection Habituation is gradual fall of behavioral response like birds respond to scarecrow initially but later they ignore.

Learned behaviour Filial Imprinting In animals exposed to particular stimuli during sensitive period of development

Learned behaviour Filial Imprinting In animals exposed to particular stimuli during sensitive period of development. The young ones follow the caretaker from infant stage. Eg- gooselings follow the person who takes care of them from infant stage.

Learned behaviour Sexual imprinting- The young birds learn to imprint on their conspecific sexual partners by observing adults in the population. Eg- Display in Bangalese finch and Zebra finch.

Learned behaviour Significance- Helps to develop bond between parent and off-springs in early life. Enables organisms to recognize members of their own species. Avoids inbreeding.

Classical conditioning An association is formed between a normal body function and new stimulus. The response formed or modified by past experience is called conditioned reflex. Pavlov experimented on dog to prove classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

Instrumental conditioning Learning by trial and error. ‘Instrument’ signifies correct response through instrumental pathway to reward or punishment. Law of effect- After many successful or unsuccessful trials, animals learn to be rewarded by them selves.

Instrumental conditioning

Aspects of animal behaviour Communication- Honey bees, ants Mimicry Batesian Mullerian Self Wasmannian 3. Colouration Warning Cryptic colouration

Aspects of animal behaviour 4. Role of hormones and pheromones in sexual behaviour a) Hormones- Organizational effects Activational effects b) Pheromones Releaser pheromones Priming pheromones

Aspects of animal behaviour 5. Displacement activities and ritualization 6. Migration 7. Schooling behaviour 8. Habitat selection 9. Territorial behaviour 10. Food selection 11. Social behaviour