The American Labor Movement: The Formative Years (1869-1894)

(Former Mayor of Scranton, PA) Knights of Labor 1869-1890s Members: skilled & unskilled workers including African Americans & women, membership peaked at 730,000 in 1886 Goals: 8 hour work day, equal pay for equal work, and restrictions on child labor Wanted an alternative to industrial capitalism by creating a cooperative society (basically an early view of socialism) Leadership hesitant to strike because workers usually lost, but rank & file often acted anyway Membership fell off after leaders compromised too much Terrence Powderly (Former Mayor of Scranton, PA)

American Federation of Labor 1886 to present Membership limited to white, male, skilled workers (1 million by 1901, 2.5 million by 1917) Generally worked w/ craft unions (rather than w/ all workers at a single job site) Pragmatic & opportunistic, pressed for concrete goals: higher wages, shorter hours, right to bargain collectively Accepted industrial capitalism & wanted to work w/in the system Samuel Gompers

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Founded 1905 by workers dissatisfied w/ AFL policies Founders included “Big Bill Haywood, Eugene V. Debs Organizes all workers: skilled & unskilled, immigrant & native, male & female, black or white Aggressive tactics… not afraid to defy injunctions, break unjust laws, sometimes resorted to violence & sabotage Socialist rhetoric of class conflict “An injury to one is an injury to all.”

“Mother” Mary Harris Jones IWW Leaders “Mother” Mary Harris Jones “Big Bill” Haywood Elizabeth Gurly Flynn Eugene V. Debs