REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200) Technological enhancements: Improved plows European soil is “heavy” Iron horseshoes Horse collar From Central Asia, Tunisia and Libya Horses were more powerful and faster than oxen Breast-strap harness

REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200) Overall Impact of technological improvements: Population and agricultural production increase Leads to a resurgence of trade…enables kings to increase control

REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200) Independent, self-governing cities emerge (Italy) Lack extensive farmlands…enact laws to encourage trade Venice – dominant sea power, trade in Muslim sea ports Flanders – import wool, weave into cloth Increase in use of gold and silver coinage

REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204) The Roots of the Crusades Series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims in eastern Mediterranean Factors and causes: Knights willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare Desire for land and titles in the part of younger sons of the European nobility Interest in trade

REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204) Creating a focus on the Holy Land: Tradition of pilgrimages Muslim control of Christian religious sites Byzantine Empire’s request for help against Muslims Pope Urban initiated the First Crusade (1095) Called on Europeans to stop fighting each other…fight Muslims instead

REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204) Impact of the Crusades: Exposure to Muslim culture in Spain, Sicily, and the crusader principalities occur gradually Awaken Europeans…begin to produce pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, etc. Philosophical & scientific writings are translated into Latin…intellectual world of western Europe is transformed Lifestyle of European elites impacted significantly!