Living Metabolism Part 1

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Living Metabolism Part 1 AP Biology Living Metabolism Part 1

Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

Catabolism (Hydrolysis Reaction) Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) Free energy Energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

Anabolism (Dehydration Synthesis) Products Amount of energy required (G > 0) Free energy Energy Reactants Progress of the reaction Endergonic reaction: energy required

Catabolism (Hydrolysis Reaction) Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) Free energy Energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

Energy Coupling Two processes united by Energy

Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

Thermodynamics

LE 8-3 CO2 Chemical energy Heat H2O First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics

Gibbs “Free” Energy Δ G = ΔH – TΔ S G- Gibbs “free” energy H – Enthalpy (Total usable energy in the system) T – Temperature in Kelvin (273 + C⁰) S- Entropy (Disorder created by something being broken down) Δ – Change in a variable over time

Unstable (Capable of work) vs. Stable (no work) G < 0 G = 0 A closed hydroelectric system

Progress of the reaction LE 8-6a Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) Free energy Energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

Progress of the reaction LE 8-6b Products Amount of energy required (G > 0) Free energy Energy Reactants Progress of the reaction Endergonic reaction: energy required

Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

Types of work performed by living cells Motor protein Protein moved Mechanical work: ATP phosphorylates motor proteins Membrane protein ADP ATP + P i P P i Solute Solute transported Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins P NH2 + NH3 Glu + P i Glu Reactants: Glutamic acid and ammonia Product (glutamine) made Chemical work: ATP phosphorylates key reactants

ATP

Phosphorylation

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