Classification

3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMS

6 Kingdom System Plantae Animalia Fungi True bacteria Amoeba Euglena Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae Animalia True bacteria Amoeba Euglena Giant kelp Slime mold Mushrooms yeast Green plants animals Ancient bacteria Live in harsh places http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078617022/164213/00044691.html

DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA _____________ Have cell walls _________ peptidoglycan Can be ___________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR WITHOUT AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Halophiles; thermophiles

DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA ______________________ Have cell walls with _______________ Can be ___________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR PEPTIDOGLYCAN AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS E. coli, Streptococcus

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA ______________ __________________ Some have cell walls with ________________ ______________________ Can be _____________ or _______________ EXAMPLES: __________________________ EUKARYOTES Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi CELLULOSE Some have chloroplasts AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS amoeba; paramecium; giant kelp; slime mold

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI ____________ _________________________________ Have cell walls with __________ _______________ EXAMPLES: ______________ EUKARYOTES Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR CHITIN HETEROTROPHS- absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter mushrooms, yeast

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE _______________ Have cell walls with ____________ and _____________ _____________ EXAMPLES: ____________________ EUKARYOTES MULTICELLULAR CELLULOSE CHLOROPLASTS AUTOTROPHS mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA _______________ _______________ or CHLOROPLASTS __________________ EXAMPLES: _______________________ EUKARYOTES HETEROTROPHS NO CELL WALLS MULTICELLULAR worms, insects, fish, birds, mammals, humans

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria ____________ Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Cell walls without peptidoglycan _____________ Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular __________________________ Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi ______________________ Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts ___________ Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia No cell walls or chloroplasts Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Eubacteria Cell walls of chitin Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

Is a Virus Alive? Viruses are NOT considered living because they do not display the 8 characteristics of life: They do not grow They cannot reproduce on their own They don’t carry out metabolic activities They do not maintain homeostasis Though not alive, viruses have a major impact on the world.

Viral Structure Nucleic Acids Capsid Envelope Tail Fibers Can be DNA or RNA Code for components of the virus Capsid Protein coat that houses genetic material Envelope Gives a virus its overall spherical shape which can help a virus enter a cell Tail Fibers Act like a syringe which inject viral DNA into host All viruses have nucleic acid and a capsid. Only some viruses have an envelope and tail fibers.

Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria Bacterial Cell Protein Coat (Capsid) Tail Fibers Viral DNA

Click here to see them both in action! Viral Replication Viral infection begins when a virus’ genetic material enters a host cell. Then it can either enter the lytic or lysogenic cycle Lytic Cycle Viral infection, reproduction, and cell destruction Virus uses host cells “stuff” to make more of itself Cell breaks open, and new viruses are released to infect more cells. Lysogenic Cycle (“gentle”) When viral DNA becomes part of its host cell’s DNA (prophage) Viral DNA replicates with host cell’s DNA Under stressful situations, virus may enter lytic cycle Click here to see them both in action!

Animation for Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072995246/student_view0/chapter8/lambda_phage_replication_cycle.html http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=amoeba+sisters+virus&view=detail&mid=865299B289E9DC4C23A0865299B289E9DC4C23A0&FORM=VIRE1&adlt=strict

Viruses and Humans Viruses cause most common respiratory illnesses, such as colds and coughs. They can cause a variety of infections from diarrhea to meningitis. It may take up to 2-3 weeks for your body to resolve a viral infection completely. Antibiotics DO NOT work to fight viruses! Viral infection can be prevented by vaccination.

How was Vaccination Discovered? Edward Jenner noticed that the milk-maids who contracted cow pox (not so serious) didn’t contract small pox (very serious!) He inoculated a healthy boy with cow pox (don’t try this at home!) to test his hypothesis that getting cow pox can prevent getting small pox. HE WAS RIGHT! (phew!)

How does Vaccination Work? Vaccination is the process of using one virus to immunize against another virus. Vaccines are usually a very mild dose of the disease-causing virus which has been weakened or killed. These vaccines stimulate the creation of antibodies in the body that recognize and attack a particular infection.