Jefferson as President Wanted to reduce the size/strength of the federal government Wanted the US to be a nation of small farmers Suspended the Alien & Sedition Acts and released those jailed under them

Federalists Try to Cling to Power Before Jefferson took office, Adams appointed last-minute Federalists judges to fill the judicial branch; “midnight justices” After 1800 the Federalists still controlled the Judicial Branch Federalist, federal judges appointed by Washington and Adams served life terms John Marshall: Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years Rulings of the Marshall Court strengthened the power of the federal government Marbury vs Madison: established the idea of Judicial Review The Midnight Justices: John Adams appointed Federalists judges days before leaving office Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the presidential commissions to the Federalists Judges appointed by Adams One of Adams’ appointments, William Marbury, sued for his commission

Marbury v. Madison D-Rs blocked the appointments of the “midnight judges”; Judge William Marbury sues Marbury v. Madison- Established JUDICIAL REVIEW: the authority of the Supreme Court to rule government laws or actions as unconstitutional This statement actually challenged the Judiciary Act of 1789, which stated that the Supreme Court did, in fact, have the right to issue those writs. Marshall, therefore, ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional because the Constitution did not expressly grant this power to the judiciary

The Louisiana Purchase Americans in the western frontier region depended on the Mississippi River to transport goods Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to buy New Orleans for $10 million

The Louisiana Purchase Napoleon sold America the entire Louisiana Territory for only $15 million America’s size DOUBLED, including millions of acres of farmland It added 2.14 million square kilometers of land to the United States that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. This was for a price of $15 million which amounts to less than 3 cents per acre

Constitutional? Jefferson went against his strict interpretation/ constructionist philosophy Bought Louisiana Territory without direct authority from the Constitution On April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed in Paris by American representatives Robert Livingston and James Monroe; and French Treasury Minister Barbe-Marbois. There was opposition to the Louisiana purchase in the American Parliament with the Federalist Party favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon; and raising concern that US was paying too much money for too little land. Moreover, many, including President Jefferson, were concerned over the constitutionality of the purchase as they believed that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. However, despite being a strict constitutionalist, President Jefferson used his powers to stretch the intent of that document to justify the purchase.

Exploring the West Congress funded the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory PRIMARY mission was to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean No route found; many plants and animals discovered They also conducted scientific research and made contact with many Indian tribes Sacagawea served as an Indian guide and interpreter The expedition boosted American claims to the Oregon Territory Americans increasingly began to move to the West