C H A P T E R 12 Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers C-12 Mathematical Representation of Vectors Symbolic Notation Significance of Operator j Conjugate Complex Numbers Trigonometrical Form of Vector Exponential Form of Vector Polar Form of Vector Representation Addition and Subtraction of Vector Quantities Multiplication and Division of Vector Quantities Power and Root of Vectors The 120° Operator

Mathematical Representation of Vectors There are various forms or methods of representing vector quantities, all of which enable those operations which are carried out graphically in a phasor diagram, to be performed analytically. The various methods are : Symbolic Notation Trigonometrical Form Exponential Form Polar Form

Symbolic Notation A vector can be specified in terms of its X-component and Y-component. For example, the vector OE1 (Fig. 12.1) may be completely described by stating that its horizontal component is a1 and vertical component is b1.

Significance of Operator J The letter j used in the above expression is a symbol of an operation. Just as symbols etc. are used with numbers for indicating certain operations to be performed on those numbers, similarly, symbol j is used to indicate the counter- clockwise rotation of a vector through 90o. It is assigned a value of . The double operation of j on a vector rotates it counter-clockwise through 180o and hence reverses its sense because

Conjugate Complex Numbers Two complex numbers are said to be conjugate if they differ only in the algebraic sign of their quadrature components. Accordingly, the numbers (a + jb) and (a − jb) are conjugate. The sum of two conjugate numbers gives in-phase (or active) component and their difference gives quadrature (or reactive) component.

Trigonometrical Form of Vector From Fig. 12.3, it is seen that X- component of E is E cos θ and Y-component is E sin θ. Hence, we can represent the vector E in the form : E = E (cos θ + j sin θ). This is equivalent to the rectangular form E = a + jb because a = E cos θ and b = E sin θ. In general, E = E (cos θ ± j sin θ).

Exponential Form of Vector It can be proved that e± jθ = (cos θ ± j sin θ) This equation is known as Euler’s equation after the famous mathematician of 18th century : Leonard Euler.

Polar Form of Vector Representation

Addition and Subtraction of Vector Quantities

Multiplication and Division of Vector Quantities

Power and Roots of Vectors

The 120o Operator In three-phase work where voltage vectors are displaced from one another by 120°, it is convenient to employ an operator which rotates a vector through 120° forward or backwards without changing its length. This operator is ‘a’. Any operator which is multiplied by ‘a’ remains unchanged in magnitude but is rotated by 120° in the counter- clockwise (ccw) direction.