IL-4 and IL-13 Alter Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Responsiveness to CpG DNA and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Jurjen Tel, Ruurd Torensma, Carl G. Figdor, I.

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IL-4 and IL-13 Alter Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Responsiveness to CpG DNA and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Jurjen Tel, Ruurd Torensma, Carl G. Figdor, I. Jolanda M. de Vries Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 131, Issue 4, Pages 900-906 (April 2011) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.410 Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 IL-4 receptor expression on fresh and activated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). To assess IL-4 receptor expression levels, freshly isolated or overnight activated, with CpG-C or herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV) with or without IL-4, pDCs were incubated with phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled anti-IL-4α antibodies. Receptor expression levels were analyzed by flow cytometry and compared with the appropriate isotype control. These data show that freshly isolated and activated pDCs express the IL-4 receptor. Data shown are from one representative experiment out of at least three performed. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011 131, 900-906DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.410) Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 IL-4 and IL-13 modulate the phenotype of Toll-Like receptor 9 (TLR-9)-activated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Freshly isolated pDCs were activated overnight with either herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV) or CpG motifs with or without IL-4 or IL-13. (a) Viability, percentage PI−/Annexin V−, of pDCs after incubation with IL-3 (▾), IL-4 (•), IL-3 + IL-4 (▴), CpG-C (▪), and CpG-C+IL-4 (♦). IL-4 left the viability of CpG-C-activated pDCs unaffected. (b) CpG-induced activation for 18hours resulted in upregulation of surface receptor expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II (gray filled histograms) compared with the isotype control (dotted lined histograms). IL-4 modulated the expression of surface molecules (thick black-lined histograms). Data shown are from one representative experiment using CpG-C out of at least five experiments performed. (c) Graphs show the receptor expression levels of surface molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I and II of activated pDCs relative to CpG-C-activated pDCs. Data shown are mean values of at least five (CpGs) or three (HSV) independent experiments±SEM. Significant differences as determined using Student's t-test. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011 131, 900-906DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.410) Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 IL-4- and CpG-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) induce increased numbers of IL-4-secreting T cells. (a) Overnight activated pDCs, with either herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV), CpG-A, CpG-B, or CpG-C with or without IL-4, were harvested and subsequently cocultured with allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) in a 1:20 ratio (pDC/PBL). After 4 days of culture and without addition of cytokines, proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Data shown are from one representative experiment out of at least three performed. (b) Data shown are mean values of measurements performed at least in triplicate±SEM of three (CpG-A and CpG-B) or five (CpG-C) independent experiments. Proliferation is depicted as relative T-cell proliferation compared with T cells stimulated with CpG-C-activated pDCs. Significant differences as determined using Student's t-test. (c) Supernatants of T-cell cultures were collected at day 2 and cytokine production was analyzed by cytokine bead array. Data shown are the results of three (CpG-A and CpG-B) or five (CpG-C) independent experiments performed with different donors. c.p.m., counts per minute. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011 131, 900-906DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.410) Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Toll-Like receptor 9 (TLR-9)-induced cytokine and chemokine secretion is impaired by IL-4. Supernatants of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) cultures following incubation with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV), CpG-A, CpG-B, or CpG-C with or without IL-4 were analyzed for the presence of (a) IFN-α, (b, left) IL-6, (b, right) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (c, left) RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted), (c, middle) macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and (c, right) IP-10. Data shown are mean values of at least three independent experiments±SEM. Significant difference in cytokine secretion by pDCs as determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's post hoc test compared with CpG-C-activated pDCs. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011 131, 900-906DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.410) Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Model of the impact of the Th2 milieu on plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) function in skin lesions. The Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, which can be found in skin lesions of atopic diseases, have the capacity to modulate the function of human pDCs in response to bacterial- or viral-derived CpG motifs. This modulation could result in less recruitment of pDCs and other immune cells to the lesion and thereby have an effect on the outcome of the immune response. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011 131, 900-906DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.410) Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions