4.1 Chem. E. and ATP “T-18” ATP- transfers E to the cell process (lipids/ carbs/proteins) ADP- lower-E molecule that can be converted into ATP All cells need Chem. E. Autotrophs (photosynthesis), Heterotrophs (cellular respiration), Chemotrophs (chemosynthesis)

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis “T-19” Chloroplast absorbs sunlight E 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + E “T-20” Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid Light independent reactions- use E from light dependent reactions to make sugars

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail “T-21” Calvin Cycle (pg 105) 1-CO2 is added to 5-C molecules 2-E is added and 6-C molecules split into 3-C 3-High E 3-C molecule leaves cycle for every 3 CO2 molecules, after 2 exit they make 1 6-C sugar 4-3-C molecules changes back into 5-C molecules, cycle continues Stopped here thurs

4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration “T-22”Cellular Respiration Stage 1 Krebs cycle: 1-3-C from glycolysis enter mitochondria 2- E. carrying molecules are transferred to stage 2 Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain: 3- E. is transferred to chain of proteins 4-lg # of ATP made C6H12O6 + 6O2  CO2 + 6H2O

4.5 Cellular Respiration “T-23”Krebs Cycle 1 Pyruvate (from glycolysis) broken down 2 Coenzyme A bonds to 2-C molecule and enters Krebs cycle 3 Citric acid formation (6-C molecule) 4 Citric Acid broken down NADH is made 5 5-C molecule broken down NADH and ATP made 6 4-C molecule rearranged NADH and FADH2 made (e- carrier)

4.5 Cellular Respiration “T-24” E- Transport Chain 1: e- are removed from NADH and FADH2 2: H+ ions transported across membrane 3: ADPATP when H+ ions flow through ATP synthase 4: Water is formed as ‘waste’ product of cellular respiration

4.6 Fermentation “T-25” Anerobic- without oxygen 1:2NADH molecules provide E to convert pyruvate into lactic acid, NADH is used/ becomes NAD+ 2: 2 NAD+ are recycled into glycolysis/ continues process Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation