Semester Exam Review Matter & Energy

Atoms Protons: positively charged Neutrons: neutral (no charge) Electrons: negatively charged

Ions & Isotopes Ion: An atom that has more or less electrons than protons so it becomes positively or negatively charged. Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Atoms Atomic number: the same as the number of protons. Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

Atoms To get the atomic mass of a molecule, add up the atomic masses of each element in the formula. Example: H20 (water)= 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 (x2) = 2 Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 Atomic mass of H20 = 16 + 2 = 18

Matter Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 4 States of Matter: Solid (most dense) Liquid Gas Plasma (least dense) All 4 states have mass therefore they are all matter.

Specific Gravity Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water: The density of water is 1, so the specific gravity of water is also 1. Specific Gravity = Density of water: 1 = 1 Density of water: 1

Energy The sun is the source of all energy in the atmosphere. Fission: Creates energy by splitting apart an atom’s nucleus. Fuel: a substance that stores energy.

Nonrenewable Energy Sources Coal: Lignite is the cleanest burning form of coal that gives off the most heat. 2. Oil/Petroleum: Oil pools are usually found in metamorphic rock. Petroleum is found in areas that were once covered by oceans. 3. Natural Gas

Renewable Energy Sources Hydropower: Flowing water that creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. 2. Geothermal: Heat from the Earth. 3. Biomass: Plant derived organic material 4. Wind: Energy from spinning of wind turbines.