Carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates? Compounds made of sugar molecules ( saccharides)

Elements Present C- Carbon H- Hydrogen O- Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio C:H:O ratio Ex: CH2O  C6 H12 O6

Monomers of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide- simple sugar, found in the sweet things you eat Ex: Glucose- main source of energy for most organisms 2) Fructose- different arrangements of atoms- fruit sugar

Function of Monosaccharides 1) Store energy 2)Provide fuel for cells ** The cells break down the glucose molecules and extract this energy ** If a cell does not use the simple sugars immediately, the cells usually incorporate them into larger carbs or FATS

Polymers- made of 2 or more monomer ( monosaccharides) Complex sugars or complex carbs Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides Polysaccharides- thousands of monosaccharides put together

Function of Complex Sugars or Polysaccharides Fuel Energy storage Support

Examples of Disaccharides 1) Maltose= Glucose + Glucose 2) Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose ( table sugar) 3) Lactose = Glucose + Galactose ( in milk)

Examples of Polysaccharides Starch 2) Glycogen 3) Cellulose 4) Chitin

Starch Starch- all glucose monomers, found in plants Function: stores sugar for plants **Ripe/Unripe banana starch is broken down (digested) and glucose is available Ex: Potatoes, rice, corn

Test for Carbs 1) Simple Sugars ( monosaccharides) **Benedicts solution- turns orange-red in presence of monosaccharides 2) Complex Sugars ( di or polysaccharides) **Iodine- turns blackish in presence of starch

Glycogen Glycogen- all glucose monomers, found in animals, stored in the liver and muscles Function: broken down for energy

Cellulose Cellulose- all glucose monomers, in plants Function: Used for building materials Protects cells Stiffens plants ***Animals can NOT digest cellulose, its not a nutrient unless animals have the ability to break it down Ex: cotton, celery, broccoli

Cellulose

Chitin Insect skeleton Job: Protects Support

Common Characteristics of Carbohydrates Hydrophilic- many hydroxyl groups (OH) 2) Mono and disaccharides dissolve in water = sugar solution 3) Cellulose and some starch do not dissolve in water because they are too big