CCL5 and IL-6 promote RAS-driven lung cancer cell proliferation in 3D culture. CCL5 and IL-6 promote RAS-driven lung cancer cell proliferation in 3D culture.

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CCL5 and IL-6 promote RAS-driven lung cancer cell proliferation in 3D culture. CCL5 and IL-6 promote RAS-driven lung cancer cell proliferation in 3D culture. A, baseline pTBK1/total TBK1 levels and pSTAT3/total STAT3 levels in NSCLC cell line panel 24 hours after plating. Blue, KRAS-mutant/dependent; red, KRAS-WT/independent. B, immunoblot of S172 pTBK1, TBK1, Y705 pSTAT3, STAT3, and β-actin levels in A549, HCC44, H23, H28, H1437, or H1568 cells after 72 hours of culture. Blue, KRAS-mutant/dependent; red, KRAS-WT/independent. C, immunoblot of pTBK1, TBK1, pSTAT3, STAT3, KRAS, and β-actin levels in A549 cells 72 hours following expression of control or KRAS-specific shRNAs. D, IL-6 and CCL5 ELISA from media during A549 cell culture. Assays performed in duplicate, mean, and SD shown. E, IL-6 and CCL5 ELISA after 72 hours in culture of additional KRAS-dependent (blue) or -independent (red) cell lines. Mean and SD of duplicate samples shown. F, schematic of microfluidic 3D cell culture device. G, phase-contrast images of A549 spheroids at 0 (×20), 18, and 36 hours (×10) following EGF stimulation (20 ng/mL) ± neutralizing antibodies against CCL5 (100 ng/mL), IL-6 (100 ng/mL), or the combination. Mean ± SD number of dispersed cells per spheroid from triplicate devices shown. H, phase-contrast images H1437 spheroids 0 hours (×20) or 48 hours (×10) following EGF stimulation (20 ng/mL). Zehua Zhu et al. Cancer Discovery 2014;4:452-465 ©2014 by American Association for Cancer Research