Calcium and Calmodulin-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants  Kim Min Chul , Chung Woo Sik , Yun Dae-Jin , Cho Moo Je   Molecular Plant  Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 13-21 (January 2009) DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn091 Copyright © 2009 The Authors. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation Mediated by Ca2+ and CaM in Plants. The Ca2+ and CaM elicited by developmental cues and environmental stresses mediate plant responses by regulating the transcriptional process in various ways. (A) In the simplest case, Ca2+ directly binds to the transcription factor (TF) and modulates its activity. (B) The Ca2+-loaded CaM binds to DNA and functions as a TF. (C) Most commonly, the Ca2+/CaM complex interacts with TFs and modulates their function. (D) The Ca2+/CaM complex indirectly regulates transcription by participating in the multi-component transcriptional machinery, which is composed of the Ca2+/CaM complex, TFs, and transcription factor-binding protein (TFBP). The latter functions as a bridge between the Ca2+/CaM complex and TFs. (E) Finally, Ca2+/CaM regulates gene expression via the modulation of the phosphorylation status of TFs, effected by a CaM-binding protein kinase and a CaM-binding protein phosphatase. PM, plasma membrane; NE, nuclear envelop; CaM, calmodulin; TF, transcription factor; TFBP, transcription factor-binding protein; PK, protein kinase; PP, protein phosphatase; P, phosphate. Molecular Plant 2009 2, 13-21DOI: (10.1093/mp/ssn091) Copyright © 2009 The Authors. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions