Spread of Revolutionary Ideas Prior to the 18th century, Italy and Germany were many small independent states headed by their own absolutist rulers Napoleonic Wars 1792- 1815- these states were partly unified under French rule and therefore French ideas took hold there This undermined the 18th century tradition of loyalty to monarchs

Spread of Revolutionary Ideas 1799 Napoleon established his rule in France and became emperor in 1804 Napoleon became a focus for national feeling He brought modern style administration and law to Italy and Germany He inadvertently sowed the seeds of resistance After the fall of Napoleon, the ideas of right to nationalities independence, will of the people represented in assemblies and elected parliaments- did not go away- they survived

Romanticism 18th century saw a revival of classical forms in art and culture By 1815 romanticism spread- express feelings of the human rather than respect for authority and empires Personal feeling expressed in freer forms- celebrating the wonders of nature and man The individual not the community was now celebrated Romanticism meant less respect for authority; individuality, freedom of expression and acting on those feelings was considered right and good

Romanticism Dress and manners became less formal, a renewed interested in what brought individuals together- language, nationality, feeling of connectedness The old world order that the Congress of Vienna attempts to restore was replaced by romanticism, liberalism and nationalism

Reactionary Reactionaries were those who were against liberal ideas- reaction against change Defenders of established order and tradition Austria, Prussia, and Russia were reactionary states- Clemens von Metternich of Austria: respect for traditional authority keeps society stable Monarch, aristocracy, the Church

Nationalism Belief in progress and happiness will follow if people of the same nationality live in the same state Language or culture is what bound people together, not loyalty to a monarch However not all Nationalists believed the same issues For Germans- Grossdeutschland- greater Germany Kleindeutschland- northern Germany What united all Nationalists was a dislike of foreign rule

Republicans Nationalists were sometimes republicans- an end to hereditary monarchy Few of these types of people however Even the radicals still looked at a constitutional monarchy as the best system- remember the French Revolution