JOURNAL #1 Billy conducted an experiment to determine how quickly ice melts at certain temperatures. It took 24 minutes to melt a cube of ice at 45°F, 21 minutes to melt a cube at 55°F, 22 minutes to melt at 60°F, 19 minutes to melt at 70°F, 14 minutes to melt at 75°F, 12 minutes to melt at 80°F, 8 minutes to melt at 85°F, and 5 minutes at 90°F. Create a data table showing this information.

CHECK LIST FOR SETTING UP YOUR TABLE Science Methods CHECK LIST FOR SETTING UP YOUR TABLE Independent Variable to the left Dependent Variable to the right Make sure it has a title & column headings Make sure units are displayed

Time to Melt ICE CUBE 45°F 24 min 55°F 21 min 60°F 22 min 70°F 19 min Temperature Time to Melt 45°F 24 min 55°F 21 min 60°F 22 min 70°F 19 min 75°F 14 min 80°F 12 min 85°F 8 min 90°F 5 min

Science Methods NOTES

WHAT IS SCIENCE? The word SCIENCE comes from the Latin word “scientia” which means to know The word SCIENCE describes more than just pure knowledge though. In science, the process is very important!!! SCIENCE is the quest to determine what details are factual and true about the universe.

TYPES OF SCIENCE Science can be divided into 2 major branches: PHYSICAL SCIENCE includes physics, chemistry, geology, & astronomy as well as many other more specific branches such as optics, meteorology, & paleontology. LIFE SCIENCE is called biology and can be divided into the major branches zoology, botany, ecology, and genetics.

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE METEOROLOGY – the study of weather & climate EARTH SCIENCE, known as geology, has a number of more specific branches such as: METEOROLOGY – the study of weather & climate PALEONTOLOGY – the study of prehistoric life SEISMOLOGY – the study of earthquakes & seismic activity SPACE SCIENCE is known as astronomy, but some scientists may have expertise in certain areas such as astrophysics & planetary science

The SCIENTIFIC Process Accepted scientific fact is achieved by a process called the scientific method. Scientists use this process to discover scientific fact (or modify currently accepted scientific knowledge) Scientists use their prior knowledge to make observations and inferences.

The Scientific Method The scientific method is basically only accepting ideas as scientific fact after they have been supported experimentally. Scientific truth is only that which can be demonstrated to be true.

Steps in scientific Method There is not necessarily an exact ordered series of events that occur, but more than likely this is the sequence of events: Determine a problem Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Draw conclusions

DETERMINE THE PROBLEM Form a Hypothesis Determine the problem and research details about this problem: Form a Hypothesis Try to determine a logical solution to the problem. This solution should be able to be tested to determine its validity.

Test the Hypothesis Draw Conclusions Experimenting and demonstrating the success (or failure) of the hypothesis is core of the scientific method. Scientific fact is true because it is supported by actual experimentation. Draw Conclusions Analyze your experiment and determine whether or not your hypothesis was supported.

Experiments An experiment is an organized procedure for testing a hypothesis. A good experiment should include methods for measuring data . A well designed experiment can be repeated over and over again to produce reliable results.

PRACTICE with Graphs Grasping Graphing Review WS D R Y M I X

PRACTICE with Graphs Grasping Graphing Review WS Dependent Responding Y-Axis Manipulated Independent X-axis

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLES

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLES

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLE LINE GRAPHS

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLE LINE GRAPHS

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLE BAR GRAPHS

PRACTICE with Graphs SAMPLE BAR GRAPHS

PICK YOUR PRACTICE Grasping Graphing Activity PACKET p.4 “Types of Science” PACKET p.5 “Identifying Variables” PACKET p.6 “Identifying Variables & Constants” FINISH m&m melting LAB

TURN to your Journal Pages in the back of your packet

JOURNAL #2 A.) Read the following study done by a toy company. B.) Create a data table of the info on the left side. C.) Create a graph of the info on the right. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Samples of a particular toy were given to children on three different days. They recorded how long each child played with the toy each day. The time played are list in order of each day. Johnny played 45 minutes the first day, 41 the second day, & 27 on the third. Joey played 55 min, 39 min, & 17 min. Ben played 22 min, 24 min, & 11 min. Sara played 18 min, 16 min, & 10 min. Julie played 12 min, 6 min, & 4 min. Finally, Billy played 58 min, 49 min, & 32 min.

REVIEW QUESTIONS READY YOUR REMOTE

What do scientists call the factors that could change in an experiment? constants numerals variables hypothesis [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that does not change in an experiment? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Identified Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that is intentionally changed by the experimenter to see its effect? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Identified Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that changes as a response to another variable’s change? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Manipulated Variable Identified Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Controlled Experiments In an experiment, some factors can change. The factors that could possibly change are called variables. In a controlled experiment, only one variable should be changed by the experimenter at a time.

Independent Variable The independent variable is the variable that the scientist intentionally changes in order to observe its effect. It is also often called the manipulated variable or the experimental variable.

Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the variable that responds to a change in the independent variable. It is also known as the responding variable or outcome.

Controlled Variables In an experiment, it is essential that there only be one variable changed at a time. All other variables should be unchanged. These variables are called constants or controlled variables.

Experiments Sometimes groups of test subjects are subjected to an experiment. The experimental group is subjected to the independent variable The control group is not subjected to the independent variable. Conditions on the test subjects are unchanged or normal.

REVIEW QUESTIONS READY YOUR REMOTE

What do you call a variable that changes as a response to another variable’s change? Independent Variable Identified Variable Controlled Variable Manipulated Variable Dependent Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that is intentionally changed by the experimenter to see its effect? Identified Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Independent Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that does not change in an experiment? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Identified Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

[Enter question here] [Option 1] [Option 2] [Option 3] [Option 4] [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

REVIEW QUESTIONS Richard Feynman on Scientific Method Complete pages 7-9 in your Packet READY YOUR REMOTE

What do you call a variable that changes as a response to another variable’s change? Independent Variable Identified Variable Controlled Variable Manipulated Variable Dependent Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that is intentionally changed by the experimenter to see its effect? Identified Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Independent Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

What do you call a variable that does not change in an experiment? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Identified Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

A flock of geese in the pond Samples of pure water A scientist wants to test if a pond is being polluted. What would be an example of a good control group? Polluted pond water A flock of geese in the pond Samples of pure water A flock of geese flying overhead [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

A scientist wants to test if dogs on steroids run faster A scientist wants to test if dogs on steroids run faster. What would be the independent variable in this experiment? Type of dog Running speed of dog Steroids injected Running speed of human [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

A scientist wants to test if dogs on steroids run faster A scientist wants to test if dogs on steroids run faster. What would be the dependent variable in this experiment? Type of dog Running speed of dog Steroids injected Running speed of human [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Dogs injected with steroids A scientist wants to test if dogs on steroids run faster. What would be a good control group in this experiment? Dogs injected with steroids The dogs before being injected with steroids Smaller dogs not injected with steroids Humans on steroids [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Observations & INFERENCES An observation is noticed by one’s senses An inference is a reasonable conclusion or explanation for one’s observation An inference may be a logical assumption but might not always be correct. Example: OBSERVATION: Reptiles are cold-blooded. INFERENCE: Dinosaurs were cold-blooded.

Hypotheses & Theories Inferences VIDEO CLIP - JOURNAL#3 Complete page 10 of your packet Return your Remote Discuss your Project Complete Graphing Practice WS & Draw Graphs

REVIEW QUESTIONS Richard Feynman on Scientific Method Complete pages 7-9 in your Packet RETURN YOUR REMOTE

REVIEW QUESTIONS READY YOUR REMOTE

What do you call a variable that is was changed by the experimenter to see its effect? Identified Variable Independent Variable Controlled Variable Responding Variable Dependent Variable [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Science MethodS Scientific Method Project TOPIC signup Science Methods Quiz Questions on p.8-9? Review p.10

Notes Turn to page 3 of your notes.

Hypotheses & Theories A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested experimentally. The word “theory” comes from a Greek word that means contemplation. A theory is a set of ideas that attempts to explain a number of observations, experiments & inferences

Scientific Theories & LAWS Both scientific theories & laws are produced from the formation & testing of hypotheses. Scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will ALWAYS behave under specific conditions Theories try to describe and merge many different ideas about the natural world. It may be difficult to successfully test and prove all these ideas

Hypothesis, Theory, & Law Identification Identify each statement as a hypothesis, theory, or law.

An object at rest stays at rest unless an unbalanced force acts upon it. Hypothesis Theory Law [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

You think that dogs are smarter than cats. Hypothesis Theory Law [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Matter can not be created, nor destroyed. Hypothesis Theory Law [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

Earthquakes are caused by the movement of giant tectonic plates on the earth’s surface Hypothesis Theory Law [Default] [MC Any] [MC All]

JOURNAL#4 1.) Types of Science 2.) The Scientific Method Think about what we’ve studied in this unit. Which of the following areas do feel you know well? In which areas do you feel you need more practice? 1.) Types of Science 2.) The Scientific Method 3.) Identifying the Variables in an Experiment 4.) The difference between Inferences, Hypotheses, Theories, & Laws?

REVIEW QUESTIONS Complete p.10 “FBHTL” RETURN YOUR REMOTE Test Tomorrow (Completed Science Methods Packet Due) Science Methods Jeopardy