Questions of Periodization Era includes 300 years, but profound changes took place…some events that characterize the era include: Globe was encompassed Sea based trade rose in proportion to land based European kingdoms that emerged gained power Relative power of nomads decline Labor systems were transformed “Gunpowder Empires” emerged in ME and Asia

Major developments 1450-1750 Changes in Trade Technology and Global interactions… The Atlantic Ocean trade led to crossing of Pacific. New maritime technologies made these interactions possible resulting in major change of global trade patterns Powerful Empires- maritime and gunpowder. Need to know specifics about Portugal, Spain, Britain, France and Ottoman, Qing/Ming, Mughal, Russia, Tokugawa and Songhay Slave Trade Demographic and environment changes Cultural Intellectual Developments

Major Empires: Maritime Centralization of Governments- Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism Absolutist- divine right Constitutionalist- Netherlands and England- limits placed on monarch Hapsburgs- ruled Spain but also large parts of the HRE. Charles, unable to control entire land divided it up between his brother Ferdinand and son Philip (Spain) How was power achieved, maintained and legitimized in this period? Centralization of government is necessary for colonization

Colonial Models of Maritime Empires Spain and Portugal- Absolutist. Appointed viceroys (personal representatives to rule in king’s name). Spain Council of Indies England- autonomy for colonists- “salutary neglect” Spain- mistreatment of Amerindians. New social classes . Encomienda and mita England- More diverse than Spain. Diversity Depends on region

Major Empires: Gunpowder Land-based remains dominant political form in parts of eastern hemisphere. Built power on use of gunpowder. Al had huge land armies with guns Impact on nomadic groups…direct contact with empires (no more nomadic intermediaries)

Ottomans Developed modern day Turkey. Parts of E and S Medit., Eastern Europe Great army- Janissaries Ruled by a sultan aided with bureaucracy Suleiman the Magnificent Great navy as well More sustained trade than other empires due to location More equality for women Sunni Muslim- but culturally diverse given empire Important merchant class Constantinople highly sophisticated

Safavid East of Ottomans (Iran) Shia Islam- belief in hidden imam- ruler is stand in until then Strong army equipped with firearms- no navy Marginal trade- inland capital Rigidly patriarchal with few freedoms for women Most were shia- forced conversion by ismail Less diversity of people

Mughal Modern day Pakistan and Afghanistan- northern part of Indian continent Strong military that attacked from west Muslim rulers with centralized power- wars meant high taxes. Muslim authority over Hindu population Akbar most famous ruler- tried to mediate with Hindus Tension from beginnings with Hindu subjects New faith and Sikhism

Muslim Empires decline Had special reasons- they faces similar ones Inadequate transportation and communication systems Unruly warrior elites! Inadequate bureaucracies Rise of European Rivals

Ming and Qing… Ming- cultural brilliance and economic achievements continued till 1600…same problems as Muslim empires. Borders difficult to guard, armies $$$, transportation and communication issues Weakened Ming: Climatic Change Nomadic invasions Pirates- arggghh Decline of Silk Road Inept rulers

Qing (Ching) 1644 by Manchus, lasted till 1911 Rulers used many of the same precepts, forbid intermarriage Golden age Kangxi (1661-1722) enlightened ruler Qianlong (1736-1795)- so prosperous cancelled taxes

China’s contact with Europe Jesuits China (Matteo Ricci) Dazzled Chinese with European mathematics (fixed calendar) Finally kicked Jesuits out after Pope forbade ancestral worship Trade inspired by Jesuits Canton System- very regulated

Tokugawa Japan Before 1600’s daimyos operate independently….Early 1600’s feudalistic leaders united under one powerful family- the Tokugawa (bakufu) tent government Emperor as ceremonial head Centralized but decentralized…Edo capital (had daimyos stay every other year) ALTERNATE ATTENDANCE Less patience with Christian missionaries. Closed Japan in 1649. Daimyos on far islands difficult to control trade

Russia Moscow powerful after Mongols thrown out Very little contact with Europe- Lack of warm water ports meant Russia shut out of maritime revolution. Feudalistic political and economic structure meant tsars had difficulty controlling boyars (nobility)- absolutism Ivan IV  establishment of Romanov family 1613 Peter the Great 1689-1725: no infrastructure, no navy, limited army, few warm water ports and few roads westernize! Led to reforms Military reform Building of infrastructure Expansion of territory (Great Northern War, Ottomans) Reorganization of bureaucracy Relocation of capital By time of golden age of Qing Russia expanded to Pacific Coast-> conflict with Chinese. Conflict with Ottomans and Sweden Peter left transformed empire Catherine the Great

African Kingdoms Songhai, Sunni Ali (1450’s to 1500’s) controlled earlier by Mali. Centralized with governors Created an army and navy to protect trade Prosperous cities that gained wealth from trade Islam strongly supported by elite 1590’s destroyed by Europeans Swahili City States Destroyed by Europeans in 1500’s Kongo- trade with Portuguese and converted to Christianity. Eventually slave trade would undermine local power.

Slave Trade African slave trade Trade to Muslim lands Trans Saharan trade (how is it different) Trade to Americas: Continental Passage, Middle Passage as part of Great Circuit Treatment of Slaves: means to an economic end Plantation life African Diaspora and Cultural syncretism in new World

Trade to Americas Success of Atlantic economy was based on PRIVATE business Mercantilism developed most effectively by British and Dutch., with private companies under charter from governments. Main goal- trading goods to accumulate precious metals. Bring goods from places that were abundant to places that were scarce. Great Circuit: goods and exchange Labor Systems in Americas Mita Encomienda Indentured Servitude Slavery

Demographic and Environmental Change Population shifts, increases and decreases (Columbian exchange) 1000 and 1700 population of Asia (ME, India and East Asia) more than doubled 415 million Little Ice Age Columbian Exchange and environmental stress- Soil exhaustion Deforestation

Changes in Gender and Social Structure Rise of the bourgeoisie Changes in marriage arrangements- Tendency to marry later and choose partner However, most were still arranged Growth in gap between rich and poor Urban and rural poor

Cultural and Intellectual Developments 1450-1750 1)Renaissance Crusades, wealth of city states Rebirth- less focus on religions Think in different ways 2)Scientific Revolution Revival of Greece and Roman math and science Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

Cultural Developments 3) Protestant Reformation Luther, Calvin Division between protestants and Catholics Rulers not under the power of church 4) PRINTING PRESS 5) Enlightenment 6) Cultural Life in China

Art Renaissance Patronage in Islamic Empires