Washington’s Farwell Address 1796 Washington, A. Hamilton, J. Madison Tired of public life “I anticipate…the sweet enjoyment…of good laws under a free government, the ever favorite object of my heart.” Washington’s Farwell Address 1 WAR 3 Political differences will weaken the nation/unity 2

Alexander Hamilton Loose interpretation U.S. Constitution Economist/Lawyer Secretary of Treasury Federalist Alexander Hamilton 20 yr. charter If the US Constitution doesn’t forbid it then the national government can do it if it will benefit the nation Loose interpretation U.S. Constitution

Federalist Democratic- Republican Political Parties Political differences existed in part based on where and how people lived John Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic- Republican 1796 More than one candidate ran for president Elect people and shape politics Divisions in political views developed during Washington’s presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 Congress (Adams) “Protect the United States” during the undeclared naval war with France (“Quasi-War”) Does this violate our first amendment rights? Alien and Sedition Acts 1. resident if or power to deport 2. Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah 2

Caribbean XYZ Affair Heck, NO! X Y Z Results: Standing And eventually… 1798 John Adams Attempt to create improved relations between United States and France Protect U.S. shipping Sure, for $250,000 and a loan of $12 million Heck, NO! Will you help protect our shipping industry? X Y Z Results: Standing Caribbean And eventually… SUCCESS!

Protective tariff Alexander Hamilton Promote domestic manufacturing and business (northeast) Higher tariffs (taxes) to raise prices of foreign goods in the United States Protective tariff Promote interstate commerce – buy American Upset southerners – as they needed goods from Europe and markets in which to sell

Thomas Jefferson 1 2 3 4 5 Marbury v. Madison First Term: 1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Party Believed in the limited power of federal government (opposed National Bank) Strict interpretation of the Constitution (once he became President he practiced a loose interpretation of the Constitution) Dreamt of national unity Thomas Jefferson 2 1 First Term: Enjoyed prosperity, lower taxes, reduced national debt Ended Presidency with bigger government, expanded military 3 4 5 Marbury v. Madison

Louisiana Purchase 1. 2x 2. 3. 4. to Pacific Ocean Montana Colorado Once Spanish territory, a secret treaty passes ownership to France Territory includes New Orleans (mouth of Mississippi River – significant trade route) west to the Rocky Mountains October 20, 1803 $15 million Thomas Jefferson (sends Robert Livingston and James Monroe) Louisiana Purchase 1. 2x 2. Montana Colorado North Dakota Kansas South Dakota Oklahoma Minnesota Missouri Wyoming Arkansas Nebraska Louisiana Iowa Texas New Mexico Spain passes ownership of Louisiana territory to France as it can not prevent Americans from entering – unable to improve Spain’s position in North America they pass it onto France (Spain closes New Orleans – mouth of Miss. R. to Americans – preventing trade) France (Napoleon) needed money to buy weapons and supplies to fight the British therefore sold it to the United States Jefferson questioned his power as president, can he garner a deal to purchase new foreign lands? He too did not like to spend large sums of public money. Jefferson went through with the deal – proving that in practice he used a loose interpretation of the Constitution US wanted this land to control both sides of the Mississippi River for trade purposes (port at New Orleans) 3. 4. to Pacific Ocean

William Marbury James Madison (secretary of state) Strengthened the role of the judicial branch 1803 Marbury v Madison 1. 2. judicial review: power of the Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

vs Embargo Act 1. 2. Results: embargo – banning of trade 1807 – banned trade with all foreign countries Passed to punish British and French; to protect American merchant ships from attack Thomas Jefferson Embargo Act 1. 2. vs Results: What region of the United States do you think was impacted most by suspended trade? Great Britain and France were at war; US trading with both to remain “neutral” and make a profit Both GB and France began seizing American ships to prevent the US from trading with the other US passed the Embargo Act to punish both sides Results: hurts (broken/damaged) US economy especially northern merchants, sent US into a recession, little effect on GB and France

War of 1812 5. N A T I O L S m N A T I V E M 1. 3. 2. 4. James Madison United States vs. Great Britain 1812-1814 (1815) Andrew Jackson war hero Second War of Independence War of 1812 5. N A T I O L S m N A T I V E M 1. 3. 2. 4. Causes: Forcing American Sailors into GB navy (impressment) Interference with American shipping British helping Native Americans in the US put up resistence Effects: Nationalism in US (beating GB for the second time) Am. Manufacturing increased Native American resistance weakened Battle of New Orleans - Andrew Jackson war hero 1815 Treaty of Ghent – signed Dec. 1814 Slow communication meant battles continued after the treaty was signed Border disputes

Influence US Monroe Doctrine 1. 2. Europe Attempt to restrain the influence of European nations in newly independent Latin American countries Protects American interests Policy warning European powers not to interfere with the Americas James Monroe (John Q. Adams – Sec. of State) December 2, 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1. Influence 2. US Latin American countries had just fought their revolutionaries against the Spanish. US found their rev. the same so they supported Latin American independence. To prevent other European nations from storming the lands, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine warning any nation that tried to colonize or influence Latin America would be perceived as a threat and the US would intervene to protect LA and US interests. Europe

Ideas to make the United States economically independent from other nations (no need for foreign trade) Promote national unity Henry Clay (J.Q. Adams/Jackson) – 1820’s American System 1. 2. 3. 1820’s National Bank to provide a single currency that would promote interstate commerce Build canals and roads to promote interstate commerce as well All to enhance the nationalism/national unity Northerners benefited more than southerners from the American System; protective tariffs hurt the southern economy