Marion Wiegele, Peter Marhofer, Per-Arne Lönnqvist

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Presentation transcript:

Caudal epidural blocks in paediatric patients: a review and practical considerations Marion Wiegele, Peter Marhofer, Per-Arne Lönnqvist British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 122, Issue 4, Pages 509-517 (April 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030 Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 A transverse ultrasound view illustrating the sacrococcygeal ligament (upward arrow) and the two sacral cornua (two downward arrows). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019 122, 509-517DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030) Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 The longitudinal paramedian position of the linear high-frequent ultrasound probe for observation of the administration of local anaesthetic for caudal blockade. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019 122, 509-517DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030) Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Ultrasound image of the epidural space in a baby weighing 3 kg. The upward arrow indicates the dura mater, the double-ended arrow the epidural space, and the downward arrow the L5 spinous process. (Left to right=cranial to caudal.) British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019 122, 509-517DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030) Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Ultrasound visualisation of how the local anaesthetic is spreading inside the epidural space. The double-ended arrow indicates the dimensional increase of the epidural space in the anteroposterior plane. (Left to right=cranial to caudal.) British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019 122, 509-517DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030) Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions