Teaching strategies for

OUTLINE : *Objective * Introduction * Developmental stage for adulthood * Adult learning principles * Young adulthood * Articles * Middle aged adulthood * General characteristic for each stage * Teaching strategies for each stage * Nursing intervention * Summary * Conclusion *Reference

Objective At the end of this presentation ,the students will be able to : 1-Identify the developmental stage of adulthood 2- Identify adult learning principles. 3- Identify teaching strategies for adult

Introduction -Learning is a lifelong process that begins at birth and does not cease until the end of life . -Growth and development are a process of becoming , and learning is inextricably a part of that process . -As individual matures ,learning is a significant and continuous task to maintain and enhance oneself

The developmental stage for :adulthood -Young adult stage (20-40 years of age) -middle age adult stage (41-64 years of age) -Older adult stage (65 years of age and older)

Adult learning theory : Andragogy : the term coined by Knowles(1990)to describe his theory of adult learning ,is the art and science of teaching adult . -Education within this framework is more learner centered and less teacher centered . -The power relationship between the educator and the adult learner is much more horizontal .

*Basic assumptions of Knowles’s framework have major implications for planning ,implementing and evaluating teaching programs for adult as the individual matures : 1.His or her self-concept move from one of being a dependent personality to being an independent ,self-directed human being. 2.He or she accumulates a growing reservoir of previous experience that serves as a rich resource for learning . 3. Readiness to learn becomes increasingly oriented to the developmental task of social roles.

4.The perspective of time changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to one of immediate application ; there is a shift in orientation of learning to being problem centered rater than subject centered 5. Motivated to learn

limitations : A limitation of Knowles’s assumption about child versus adult learner is that they are derived from studies conducted on healthy people. -It is important to keep in mind , however , That illness have the potential for significantly changing cognitive and psychological process used for learning

Adult learning principles 1- Learning is related to an immediate need ,problem ,or deficit . 2-Learning is voluntary and self initiated 3-Learning is person centered and problem centered . 4- Learning is self controlled and self directed . 5-The role of the teacher is one facilitator

6-Information and assignment are printed 6-Information and assignment are printed . 7-New material draws on past experience and is related to something the learner already knows. 8-The threat to self is reduced to maintain in the educational situation . 9-The learner is able to participate actively in the learning process

10-The learner is able to learn in group 10-The learner is able to learn in group . 11- The nature of the learning activity change frequently . 12-Learning is reinforced by application and prompt feedback

The general orientation of adult toward continuing education : 1.Goal oriented learner : engage in educational endeavors to accomplish and identifiable objectives . 2.Activity oriented learner :select educational activities primarily to meet social needs. 3.learning oriented learner : view themselves as perpetual students who seek knowledge for knowledge’s sake.

Young adulthood (20-40 years of age ) : Emerging adulthood : is the transition from adolescent to becoming young adulthood . -Early adulthood comprises the cohort currently between 20-24 years of age who belong to the millennial or Net generation . -Generation X are the cohort currently aged 25-40 years .

General characteristics -Autonomous -Self directed -Uses personal experiences to enhance or interfere with learning -Intrinsic motivation -Able to analyze critically -Make decision about personal ,occupational ,and social roles -Competency-based learner

Physical ,cognitive ,and psychosocial development

**PHYSICAL -Physical abilities for most young adults are at their peak ,and the body is at optimal functioning capacity . -The vast majority of individual at this stage can master almost any psychomotor skill they undertake to accomplish .

**cognitive -The cognitive capacity of young adult is fully developed ,but with maturation ,they continue to accumulate new knowledge and skill from an expanding reservoir of formal and informal experience . -Young adult continue in formal operation stage of cognitive development

**psychosocial -Erikson describe the young adult’s stage of psychosocial development as the period of intimacy versus isolation

Teaching strategies for young adult: -Use problem centered focus -Focus on immediacy of application -Encourage active participation -Allow to be self directed -Organize material -Recognize social role -Apply new knowledge through role-playing and hands-on practice

Articles

Middle aged adulthood (41-64 years of age ) : -Midlife is the transition period between younger adulthood and older adulthood . -Typically been labeled the baby boom generation .

General characteristics : -Sense of self well developed -Concerned with physical change -At peak in career -Explore alternative life style -Reflect on contributions to family and society

Cont.. -Has confidence in abilities -Desires to modify unsatisfactory aspects of life -Questions achievement and successes -Reexamines goal and values

Physical ,cognitive and psychosocial development

**physical -Number of physiological changes being to take place -Skin and muscle tone decreases ,metabolism slow down ,body weight tends to increase ,endurance and energy level lesson ,hormonal changes bring about Varity of symptoms ,and hearing and visual acuity start to diminish .

All theses physical change and others affect middle aged adults’ self image ,ability to learn ,and motivation for learning about health promotion ,disease prevention ,and maintenance of health.

**cognitive -Cognitive stage are formal operation

**psychosocial Erikson labeled this psychosocial stage of adulthood as generatively versus self absorption and stagnation

Teaching strategies for middle age adult : -Focus on maintaining independence and reestablishing normal life patterns -Assess positive and negative experience with learning -Assess potential sources of stress due to midlife crisis issues -Provide information to coincide with life concerns and problems

Nursing process : -Explore emotional ,financial ,and physical support system -Assess motivational level for involvement -Identify potential obstacles and stressors

Summary

Conclusion : -Keep in mind ,however, that interactivity is a means to greater end participant learning. -Great teacher is a great artist and teaching might be the greatest of the arts .

References http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02107.x/full http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/diversity/Pages/teachlearnstrats.aspx