Ethnic density and other neighbourhood associations for mortality in severe mental illness: a retrospective cohort study with multi-level analysis from an urbanised and ethnically diverse location in the UK  Jayati Das-Munshi, PhD, Peter Schofield, PhD, Vishal Bhavsar, PhD, Chin-Kuo Chang, PhD, Prof Michael E Dewey, PhD, Prof Craig Morgan, PhD, Prof Robert Stewart, MD, Prof Graham Thornicroft, PhD, Prof Martin J Prince, MD  The Lancet Psychiatry  DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30126-9 Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure Ethnic density associations at LSOA level (n=18 201) (A) Adjusted incidence risk ratios for all-cause mortality by ethnic density. (B) Adjusted sub-hazard ratios for natural-cause mortality by ethnic density. (C) Adjusted sub-hazard ratios for unnatural-cause mortality by ethnic density. Estimates are adjusted for area-level deprivation, urbanicity, social fragmentation, gender, diagnosis, marital status, substance use disorders, and age. p values for ethnicity × ethnic density interactions were p=0·036 for all-cause mortality, p=0·071 for natural-cause mortality, and p=0·99 for unnatural-cause mortality. Dark red lines show adjusted incidence risk ratios (all-cause mortality) or adjusted sub-hazard ratios (natural-cause or unnatural-cause mortality) in ethnic minority groups relative to white British people with severe mental illness (reference group), with 95% CIs delineated by light red lines. Grey lines show incidence risk ratio or sub-hazard ratios of 1·00 for the reference group. LSOA=Lower Super Output Area. The Lancet Psychiatry DOI: (10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30126-9) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions