Chapter 12: Human Population By Ali Hartzoge

What factors affect human population? Fertility rates Growth rates Population distribution Demographic transition Doubling times Past population sizes

Three surges of human population Use of tools and fire Agricultural revolution Medical and industrial revolution Impact of a population on natural resources Population size, density, and technological development affect the impact a population has on its resources. The higher the size and density=the more demand there is for resources.

Factors affecting human population size Crude Birth Rate (CBR)= #births/1000 people Crude Death Rate (CDR)= #deaths/1000 people -Current world population growth rate is 1.2% Largest populations 1.China-1,354,040,000 2.India-1,210,193,422 3.United States-315,755,000

Calculating population change Population change=(births+immigration)-(death+emigration) Zero population growth (ZPG)- when the # of people added to a population from births and immigration equals the # of people taken away from death and immigration ZPG= birthrate-death rate

Social factors influencing population growth Role of men/women- -in male dominated societies, women’s role in society is to marry and raise the children. This traditional society lacks educational opportunities for women and this increases the TFR. Higher levels of education=lower fertility rates Early marriages promote high fertility rates

Social Factors cont. In more developed countries, the cost of having children is higher, which means lower fertility rates. (economic burden) Urbanization- less need for child labor, more family planning. In LDCs, labor is needed so children are economic gain. Culture- religious beliefs and traditions in certain regions create standards for # of children. If there are high infant mortality rates, the family will have more children in order to make sure enough survive.

Factors influencing population growth- Fertility rate Total Fertility Rate (TFR)- the number of children a woman has during her child-bearing years. -Niger has the highest TFR at 7.46% -USA is at 2.41% & world average is 2.59% Replacement Level Fertility- the fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself. Average is 2.1 per couple

Political factors influencing population growth Government regulation of fertility rates -china’s one child policy -family planning -abortion -free birth control -funded maternity leave - Free childcare facilities

Measuring standard of living Infant mortality rate Health conditions Literacy rate Economic well-being Inverse between a countries growth and standard of living

Hardships of developing countries Cannot afford birth control Need jobs Little access to health care Poor education Overpopulation due to high infant mortality rate

Demographic transition model Demographic transition model- model that shows population growth based on four stages. 1. High CBR & CDR low population 2. CDR lowers, population grows, agricultural rev. has occurred 3. CDR & CBR lowers, population rises 4. Stable, low CDR & CBR, low population growth.

Age structure diagrams A diagram that displays the death and birth rate, sex ratio, and generation time.

Human population: resource use and habitat destruction Net primary productivity (NPP)- total amount of energy of a unit of interest. Ex. Amount of carbon taken up by a plant after taking away plant respiration from the gross primary productivity. NPP=Gross primary production-respiration Humans have caused a 12% decline in NPP because of deforestation.

Calculations- rule of 70 & growth rate Doubling time= 70/growth rate Example: If a population is growing at an annual rate of 5%, how long will it take for the population to double? 70/5=14 years Growth rate- birth rate-death rate

Review Game What country has the biggest population? A) India B) China C) Indonesia D) United States 2. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which stage? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) stage 4

3. All of the following are hardships of developing countries except 3. All of the following are hardships of developing countries except? A) overpopulation B) poor education C) low population growth D) no family planning 4. As the population goes up the standard of living.. rises B) lowers C) stays the same D) is unstable 5. Which political factor does not lower population? A) Family planning B) abortion C) free childcare facilities D) free birth control

6. What is the average U.S. replacement level fertility? 2.1 b)2.5 C) 2.7 D)3.1 7. What would not decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child? A) Location of where they live B) income C) birth control D) need for labor 8) If a population is growing at an annual rate of 2%, how long will it take for the population to double? A) 16 years B) 30 years C) 35 years D) 140 years

9. If the death rate for a country is 6. 5% and the birth rate is 10 9. If the death rate for a country is 6.5% and the birth rate is 10.8%, what is the rate at which the population is growing? A) 4.2% B)4.3% C)1.3% D) 17.3% 10. The most rapid population growth is taking place in developing countries A) True B) False 11. What is the worlds current population growth rate? A) 2.3% B) 1.6% C) 2.4% D) 1.2% 12. Which factor does not create population growth? A) Little education B) early marriage C) empowering women D) no access to birth control

13.What could decrease the likelihood of a couple having child? A) The child is part of the family labor pool. B) Contraceptives are not available. C) Women have many opportunities to participate in the work force. D) Infant mortality rates are high. 14. A pyramid shaped age structured diagram would indicate what? A) high amount of elderly B) rapid population growth C) developed country D) few children