Cultural Diffusion vs. Selective Borrowing 400 – 600 C.E. Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism Forms of Architecture Discarded Chinese Civil Service System - Japanese believed you inherited your positions in life Mandate of Heaven - No dynasties to change

Japanese Feudalism Samurai Lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” Emperor Shogun Warrior Classes; Ronin, Samurai, Daimyo, and Shogun Peasants, Merchants, Farmers, etc.

Feudalist Society 1192 - 1868 POWER Bushido Code & Seppuku Strongest Samurai’s Bushido Code & Seppuku

Tokugawa Ieyasu 1600-1868, Shogun Tokugawa Shogunate Peace, Stability, Order Education Trade Stops trade and closed Japan due to the spread of Christianity Do not pledge loyalty to the Pope!

Impact of Isolationism Immigration Forbidden Japanese who wish to leave do not return End to ship building What are the larger implications? Distinctive way of life developed for the people of Japan Japanese did not learn about the Industrial Revolution that took place in Europe Remained an agricultural society  Depended on peasants and artisans to produce in small quantities at slow pace Remember China?

Tokyo Bay, July 14,1853 A leading expansionist, Captain Alfred T. Mahan, cautioned that the Pacific could “be entered and controlled only by a vigorous contest.” Mahan wrote, “for Americans to turn their eyes outward, instead of inward only, to seek the welfare of the country.”

President Fillmore ordered that Commodore Perry present Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

End of Japanese Isolation U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry 1853 – “Gunboat Diplomacy” Perry appeared in Tokyo Bay with four warships; 1854, nine ships 1854 – Trade treaty with the United States Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia soon gained similar trading rights

Meiji Restoration, 1868-1912 Shogun forced to relinquish power Power officially in hands of Emperor Mutsuhito His reign was called the “Meiji” Japan westernized Quickly went to work crafting a constitution

Political Changes under the Meiji [pg. 404]

Governmental Reforms Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature First set up – 1889 Meiji (Imperial) Constitution Adopted – 1890 Followed until the end of World War II

Economic Changes under the Meiji [pg. 404-405]

Economic Reforms Abolition of feudalism Currency (yen) adopted, 1872 Encouragement of foreign trade Expansion and encouragement of industrialization Growth of factories First large factories manufactured textiles First textile factory workers were girls and women Land reform Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and expanded

Social Changes under the Meiji [pg. 405]

Social Reforms Universal compulsory elementary education Universities established Westernization of many laws Tokyo University

Social Changes Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels) Diversity of intellectual and political thought Growing independence and empowerment of women

Humiliating treaties contributed to the rise of Japanese nationalism. The Rise of Japan Begins! Humiliating treaties contributed to the rise of Japanese nationalism. Resentment Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans Anti-foreign uprisings (1863-1864) Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships Solution “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em” Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization

Japan becomes a World Leader 1895: Defeated China for control of Korea and Taiwan 1905: Defeated Russia for control of Korea and Manchuria

Expansionism 1930’s: Military leaders gained power Emperor Hirohito Began a policy of militarism Need for natural resources Expanded into China 1937-38: Rape at Nanking (Dec.-Feb) 1940: Joined the Axis Powers 1941: Attacked Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7) 1945: U.S. bombed Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug. 6 and 9) Japan surrendered (Aug. 14)

Japan as an Imperialist Nation First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Pearl Harbor (12/7/1941)