9-5: Rise of the Axis 1930s-1941

Thematic Learning Objectives NAT 3.0 Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States. NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. WOR 2.0 Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.

Key Concept Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.

Overview The U.S. is in a position of international power—what is its proper role in the world? Rise of fascism Most Americans opposed military action Pearl Harbor attack drew U.S. into WWII

U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930s Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America U.S. renounced intervention Pursued friendly relations Withdrew troops

U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930s Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism Italy—Benito Mussolini (fascism) Japan—Military dictatorship Japanese Aggression in Manchuria Stimson Doctrine Territorial acquisitions not recognized No military response from U.S. Germany—Adolf Hitler (Nazi Party) Tripartite Pact created Axis Powers

U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930s American Isolationists The Lesson of World War I Nye Committee Avoid costly war in Europe Drew from Washington’s farewell address Neutrality Acts Commitment to isolationism Prohibited arms sales to belligerents America First Committee Opposed any involvement in WWII

U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930s Prelude to War Appeasement Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 1935 German militarization of the Rhineland, 1936 Japanese invasion of China, 1937 Panay incident German annexation of the Sudetenland, 1938 No action from League of Nations or United States Quarantine Speech Preparedness—raised military spending

From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941 Outbreak of War in Europe Invasion of Poland Blitzkrieg Changing U.S. Policy “Cash and Carry” Arms and loans to Allies Had to pick up in U.S. Selective Service Act Destroyers for Bases Deal

From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941 Arsenal of Democracy Lend-Lease Act Sold surplus military equipment to Allies U.S. becomes non-belligerent ally Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill Described post-war world based on “Four Freedoms”

From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941 Disputes with Japan U.S. embargo on supplies to Japan Breakdown in negotiations Pearl Harbor Japanese Attack Declaration of War