Life in neolithic communities

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Presentation transcript:

Life in neolithic communities By: Meredith Proffitt and Tanvi Patel

Life in Neolithic communities Neolithic (New Stone Age): associated with agriculture Farming provided a secure food supply Ecological crisis may have driven people to food production Food producers had to work for longer periods of time and had to do more work that food gatherers Pastoralists has to guard their herds from wild predators, guide them to fresh pastures, and tend to their needs The diet of the farmers of the Neolithic times was less nutritious and less varied Dependable food supply and the ability to store harvests allowed the permanent settlements to flourish People in permanent settlements were exposed to diseases from water contamination (by human waste) and disease carrying insects and animals

Rural Population and Settlement Some violence might have been involved between the farmers and the foragers (when the farmers tried to clear land) Farmers displaced foragers by a process of gradual infiltration rather than a rapid conquest Small agricultural surpluses gave the people an advantage in population growth (high rates of survival during times of crisis) Farming communities were based on/around kinships and marriages Nuclear families existed Landholding was likely to be bestowed in the large kinship units

Kinship systems influenced the Neolithic peoples vision of the world Cultural Expressions Kinship systems influenced the Neolithic peoples vision of the world The death of a respected elder was marked by elaborate burials Religion of the farmers reflected their awareness of their relationship with nature The religions of the farmers tended to focus on sacred groves, springs, and wild animals The religious practices of the farming communities centered on the Earth Mother and the Sky God Religions focused mainly around ancestors, Earth Mother, and the Sky God Megaliths: structures made out of large stone constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes Cultural contribution: dissemination of the languages spoken by the families (these languages served as the base of most languages spoken today)

Early Towns and Specialists Farmers lived in villages Towns were centers of trade and consisted of elaborated housing and ceremonial buildings Houses were made out of mud brick, stone, and wood The people used and made pottery jugs, pots, and baskets Large communities devoted their attention to making products with complexity and beauty 2 important towns that were excavated in the Middle East were Catal Huyuk and Jericho

Agriculture was the basis of the towns existence Catal Huyuk Catal Huyuk: 7000-5000 B.C.E; excavations revealed plastered mud brick rooms and no defensive fortifications Catal Huyuk was a prospering town that traded obsidian, fine pottery, baskets, cloth, beads, and working leather and wood Catal Huyuk farms produced barley, emmer wheat, legumes, and vegetables Agriculture was the basis of the towns existence Both settlements were found to have elaborate wall paintings of hunting scenes which were closely linked to earlier cave paintings (and therefore earlier practices) Men were buried with their war weapons and bones (as proof that wild game was prominent in their diets) not with the tools of farming No evidence of a dominant class or a centralized political structure

Metal working was an important occupation Catal Huyuk Metal working was an important occupation Copper and Lead objects were very common The discovery of metals, gold, silver, etc. in graces suggested that they were symbols of status and power Growth of towns, specialized crafts, and elaborate religious shires contributed to the amount of agricultural workload that had to be done

religions of catal huyuk Religious shrine for every 2 houses No evidence of live animal sacrifices (instead they sacrificed wild grains, legumes) A cult of the goddess was central to the town’s religion The cult of the goddess was led largely by women Large number of females that had received elaborate burials were priestesses

Had defensive walls and towers Jericho Jericho: located in central Anatolia; excavations revealed round mud brick structures, and a millennium later revealed rectangular rooms with plastered walls and floors Both settlements were found to have elaborate wall paintings of hunting scenes which were closely linked to earlier cave paintings (and therefore earlier practices) Had defensive walls and towers Existence of plastered skulls may be evidence of a practice of worshipping ancestors Men were buried with their war weapons and bones (as proof that wild game was prominent in their diets) not with the tools of farming

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