Engleski jezik struke 3 ponedeljak,03.03.2019.

About reading What do you read? Why is it important to read? How do you read? Do you use the same reading techniques for any kind of text? more general knowledge, and higher intelligence, Reduces stress, can spot patterns which increases analytical thinking, Increased vocabulary, Improved writing skills,

Reading techniques SKIMMING - Running the eyes over quickly, to get the gist (e.g. a newspaper) SCANNING - Looking for a particular piece of information (e.g. a dictionary) EXTENSIVE READING - Longer texts for pleasure and global understanding. (E.G. a novel) INTENSIVE READING - Shorter texts, extracting specific information, accurate reading for detail (e.g. a recipe)

Academic text types Textbooks Journal articles Conference papers Reports Manuals

are academic texts difficult to read? Unfamiliar/ complex topic Long paragraphs/ heavy text Challenging vocabulary Complex sentences ……

Structure of an academic textbook Table of contents Introductory chapter Later chapters Conclusion Table of contents Check: Is the book divided into sections? Introductory chapter Overall introduction (why the topic is important, overview of the field) Later chapters (sometimes by different authors) -Introduction of chapter will explain thesis/ position, arguments used and organisation -Search for sections through topic sentences - Note subheadings, diagrams, tables -Topics may include new theories, how theory relates to practice Conclusion Final chapter, may speculate on future directions in the field

Structure of an academic text (article)

purpose of reading an academic text to get the general idea of what the book, article, or a chapter is all about to find the answer to a specific question to gain a detailed understanding of the content to gather information/evidence

Reading a novel vs reading academic texts NOVEL ACADEMIC TEXT

READING TECHNIQUE IS DETERMINED BY READING PURPOSE Get an overview of a text Search for a specific fact Understand a concept Analyze the steps in a research

READING TECHNIQUE IS DETERMINED BY READING PURPOSE Get an overview of a text SKIM the headings, subheadings, abstract, intro Search for a specific fact SCAN headings and subheadings to locate the relevant section Understand a concept Locate the relevant section by SKIMMING the text and SCANNING the concept. Look for definitions, diagrams by EXTENSIVELY READING the relevant section. Analyze the steps in a research Locate the relevant section, identify main ideas, supporting ideas, evidence. Look for relationships between ideas

Efficient reading process I Get an overview by SKIMMING: Purpose • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Conclusion II Find out more detail by SCANNING: • Headings • Topic sentences • Discussion • Appendices III Read the text EXTENSIVELY*

Reading tips Reading speed and comprehension depend on the type of text. Practice is the best way to improve. Do not read every word starting from the beginning. Read the title: ask yourself what you already know. Scan or survey the whole text first. Read introductory and concluding paragraphs. Read the first sentence in each paragraph carefully. Note headings, titles, diagrams, pictures. Underline, highlight, make notes in the margin. Write a one-sentence summary at the end of every chapter or section or do a simple oral review.

Take notes as you read Identify the author’s ideas – position/point of view – summary of sections – evidence – conclusion Your response to the ideas – questions – references to other readings – connection to assignment question

HOMEWORK & PRACTICE

Journal article – CONFERENCE paper How and where did you choose the article? What made you decide to chose this article? (the topic, the language, the availability, the author, the date of publication, …? 3. Was the article difficult / easy to understand? Why?

Journal article – CONFERENCE paper 1. What techniques did you use to read the article? 2. Did you take notes while reading? What did you write down? 3. How is the article structured?

Exchange the article with the person sitting next to you Use the reading techniques to find answers to the following questions…. Write down the answers

Questions: What is the main topic of the article? What do you already know about the topic? What is the research question? What did the author(s) do to find the answers – what methods were used? What are the answers / conclusions of the research?

Check your answers with the person whose article you’ve read… Report your observations to the class.

Now… some writing  Writing is hard. And it’s hard work. - reading - revision - editing When you’re writing, you want your reader to care. There is no point in writing if nobody reads it.

WRITING A SUMMARY SUMMARY: A short overview of the article’s content. How to write a summary

Structure of an academic paragraph

What not to do - verbs move sentences along, nouns slow them down - vague words - use of unnecessary jargon and acronyms - passive voice - subject and main verb shouldn’t be too far apart

New homework: Write a summary 400-500 words long Write the summary title according to the following model: Surname, Name (Year of publication). “Article title”. In: Journal name. Issue. from page- to page. e.g. Smith, Mark (2017). “Language varieties”. In: Global English Journal. 23/4. 45-57. SIGN YOUR NAME IN THE END

Listening and note-taking .

What is listening for gist? What is academic writing? What is the video about? What are the main points? Take notes as you listen.

Notes Readers Text Register Spelling - academic topic on an academic level Readers Text Register Spelling

Note-taking The listener has to decide: Step 1 – what is being said Step 2 – what it means Step 3 – whether it is important and whether to note it down Step 4 – how to write it in note form

Note-taking techniques Rule 1: Be selective – decide what’s important How would notes taken by a first-year undergraduate and postgraduate student differ? Rule 2: Be brief – use abbreviations and symbols e.g. i.e. etc. + = w/ w/o Rule 3: Be clear – show the relationship between the speaker’s points Linear notes and mind maps (spider notes, web notes)

Task 1 Coming to Edinburgh? First viewing – make notes on the main points. Second viewing – watch students again and add to or correct your notes. Compare your notes for form and content.

Strategies for efficient listening - six general “macrostrategies” for successful listening: INTERNAL Predicting Monitoring Inference Evaluating INTERACTIVE Responding Clarifying

Strategies for efficient listening - internal Predicting Thinking about the possible content of the lecture before you listen. Use two types of information – background and context. Monitoring Noticing problems as you listen and identifying areas of uncertainty. Inference Making hypotheses when you aren’t sure of something, e.g. the meaning of an unfamiliar word or expression Evaluating Assessing how well you have understood the lecture.

Strategies for efficient listening - interactive Responding Giving your own opinion on the ideas presented by the lecturer. Clarifying Preparing questions that you can ask the lecturer to get a clearer understanding.

Task 2 As you watch and listen, take notes using any method you like. How your "working memory" makes sense of the world Predicting - How much do you know about “working memory”? - How relevant do you expect the content of the talk to be to the task of listening and note-taking? - Do you think it might offer advice that could be helpful to you in your academic studies?

Practice - Compare notes with another student: content – do you agree on what the main points are, and form - what method did you use? Predicting - How accurate were your predictions? Monitoring - Were you aware of any difficulties as you listened? Inferring - Did you have to guess what the speaker said / meant at any stage? Did you understand why the audience laughed? Evaluating - How much (%) would you say you understood? How does that compare with listening to your subject lectures – better / worse / the same?

Task 3 Aligning Strategy and Sales 1. Listen to the lecture and take notes. 2. Answer the questions. 5-10 minutes 3. Listen again – answer the questions as you listen. 4. Check answers.