Iron Triangle (A mutually advantageous relationship) Agency Dept. of Veteran’s Affairs Committee Veteran’s Affairs Interest Group American Legion/ vets of Foreign Wars Client Politics

Three types of Organization: Circular (Carter)-cabinet secretaries and assistants report, directly to the president. Pyramid (Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Bush) Assistants report through a hierarchy to chief of staff. Ad Hoc (Clinton) -task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president.

Modern Presidents 1953-Present

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 Korean War Era of Conformity Republican WWII War Hero Foreign Policy of Massive retaliation NASA formed Civil Rights Movement

John F. Kennedy 1961-63 Democrat Camelot Youngest president ever elected Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Peace Corps

Lyndon Baines Johnson 1963-69 Democrat Great Society Medicare (1965) Civil Rights Act 1964 Voting Rights Act ’65 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Richard Nixon 1969-1973 Republican, CA Foreign Policy with China and USSR Ends US involvment in Vietnam War Watergate Resigns Aug. 7, 1973

Gerald Ford 1973-76 Republican Only person not elected to V.P. or Pres. Pardons Nixon Stagflation

Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Democrat Camp David Accords Energy Crisis Iran Hostage Crisis Malaise

Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 Republican, CA Ends Iran-Hostage Crisis Supply-side econ-omics/ Reaganomics Thaws Cold War with USSR w/ Gorbachev Iran-Contra Affair

George Bush 1989-1993 Republican WWII hero 1990-91 Persian Gulf War vs. Iraq Recession hurts chances for reelection

Bill Clinton 1993-2001 Democrat Rhodes Scholar NAFTA 1993 Bosnia 1995 Ok. City Bombing Whitewater scandal Monica Lewinsky 2nd Pres. = impeached

George W. Bush 2001-2009 Republican Yale University In the Air National Guard 9/11 1st year Iraq and Afghanistan Patriot Act/Domestic spying Great Recession/Housing and stock crash

Barack Obama 2009-2017 Recession Stimulus package Affordable Care Act What is to come? What do you think Obama’s legacy will be? How do you think the 2016 election will shape Obama’s legacy

Historical Background 22nd Amendment No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President, when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. Historical Background Maximum Terms/Years

25th Amendment Historical Background Spiro Agnew Gerald Ford (1974)

25th Amendment In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.