Reflection of light Albedo=reflected flux / incident flux
Refraction of light
Refraction of light
Color dispersion
Polarization
Diffraction
Intensity Intensity is inversely proportional to distance square. I ~ 1/D2
Dual nature of light: wave-particle photons
Nature of waves
Line radiation Atomic lines Molecular lines
Energy level of atoms
Atomic structure of hydrogen
Doppler effect Change in wavelength radial velocity Original wavelength speed of light
Continuum radiation
Blackbody radiation
Absorption and emission Dark lines: absorption Bright lines: emission Spectrum of Mars
Refracting telescopes
Reflecting telescopes
Light paths & telescope mount
Resolution Needs large telescopes Differation limit =2.5 x 105 wavelength/telescope diameter
Seeing & adaptive optics Neptune
interferometer
Transit
Color magnitude
spectrograph Information: temperature, composition, density, spin, gravity Sun
Space telescopes
Space exploration
Spacecrafts