Bovine TB Cattle Surveillance 2016-2017 James Hollis, D.V.M. District 9 Veterinarian Tuberculosis & Brucellosis Epidemiologist Indiana State Board of Animal Health

BOAH Primary Mission Areas Animal Health Disease prevention & control Disaster Preparedness Readiness in “all hazards approach” Food Safety Meat, poultry and dairy inspection Animal Welfare “New for 2011” Establish standards for animal care

Bovine Tuberculosis Bacteria, Mycobacterium bovis Mammals Transmission Slow, insidious disease Mammals cattle, deer, humans, other Transmission nose-to-nose or aerosol ingestion contaminated feed, carcasses Generally detected at slaughter

TB: Clinical Signs Not always obvious Lesions develop slowly in lungs Tan or yellow lumps (pearl lesions) lung, inside surface of rib cage lymph nodes throughout body

TB: Appearance Lesions Cattle Historically: Cheesy, gritty lesions Solitary or multiple lesions Small or large May involve one organ, one system or may be multi-systemic Cattle Historically: Cheesy, gritty lesions Cervids: Typical abscesses

Distribution of Lesions Lesions may be seen: Respiratory tract Associated lymph nodes Digestive tract

Cervid Lesions

Cattle Lesions

Testing Methods Caudal Fold Test (CFT) Comparative Cervical Test (CCT) Standard skin injection, 72-hr read Comparative Cervical Test (CCT) Confirmatory to CFT, 72-hr read Bovigam Confirmatory blood test Culture In-lab grow-out; up to 8+ weeks

Food Safety Freezer Beef Hunter-harvested Deer Inspected Source Hunter-harvested Deer Caution while field-dressing; Call us! Proper cooking, handling Raw Milk and Dairy Products Unpasteurized dairy foods unsafe NOTE: Not found in dairy animals to date

Southeastern Indiana TB Investigation

Recent TB Traces to SE IN 2008: Single beef cow trace No other positives 2009: Cervid herd, infected Herd depopulated 2010: Two beef traces from PA Genetically linked to 2011 herd 2011: Beef herd, infected Investigation complete Historically, bovine tuberculosis has been found in Southeastern Indiana four times since 2008. Each of these incidents were traced—in and out—and no connections or spread were found. Fast-forward to 2016, genetic testing that is now available revealed that all of these cases are genetically linked. The most interesting of these was a confirmation that the 2010 case (traces from a PA slaughter plant) originated from the herd identified in 2011. We were unable to confirm a connection at the time. All of these are related to the case identified in 2016.

2016: Index Herd (#1) Positives at slaughter One herd on two sites Whole-herd testing identified more Herd depopulation complete Launched 3-mi circle testing In April, the Indiana State Board of Animal Health was notified of a TB trace for six animals that tested positive for bovine tuberculosis. They originated from a beef herd in Franklin County, IN. (This was a single herd that was kept on two different sites.) The whole-herd test revealed more infection. Herd was depopulated. This finding launched an effort to test other herds in the area, within a 3-mile circle.

Proximity: Bovine TB Events w/ 10-mi Buffers 2008-2016 This map shows the proximity of all cases of bovine TB in the region. Farm A was the 2008 case. B was the 2009 cervid farm. Farm C was the 2010 and 2011 investigations. Farm D is the latest, 2016, herd identified. All were in fairly close proximity, especially when you see an overlay with 10-mile circles.

Hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer Tested 2009-2015 Q=486 After the 2008 discovery, BOAH has worked with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources to test hunter-harvested white-tailed deer in the area. When we look at the two locations of the 2016 infected herd with a 10-mile circle, you can see that between 2009 and 2015, nearly 500 white-tailed deer were tested in the area.

2016: Wild Deer Diagnosis Positive 2-year-old white-tailed doe Culled from index farm First wild case in Indiana Test area from 3 miles to 10 miles Positive raccoon collected

Whitewater River Corridor Expanded Testing Area: 10-mi circle + Whitewater River Corridor 2-mi buffer Tested: 380 test-eligible herds = ~6,500 head

Producer Outreach Public Meetings Traditional Media Door-to-Door Visits Telephone Calls Animal Health Advisories Email & USPS Mail

Surveillance Logistics Staging Area at Franklin Co Fairgrounds Private Practitioner Testing Department of Correction Offenders Federal Testing Teams

Pictures of Surveillance/Equipment

2016: Positive Herd (#2) December: Surveillance testing Beef cattle herd tested positive Within 10-mi testing zone All nearby herds (within 3 mi) already tested negative Trace investigations underway

Core Surveillance Area

Zones for Hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer

Hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer 2016 >2,000 Sampled

Cattle: What’s Next? Test remaining cattle herds Continue traces for 2nd herd Develop plan for future area testing Cattle and deer surveillance

More Info… www.in.gov/boah 317-544-2400