Matter: Properties & Change

A. Matter MATTER – ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE EVERYTHING AROUND US CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES

Can it be physically separated? A. Matter Flowchart MATTER yes no Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE Is the composition uniform? no yes Can it be chemically decomposed? no yes Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

ANUDDER FLO CHART

B. Pure Substances Element composed of identical atoms EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

B. Pure Substances Compound composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio properties differ from those of individual elements EX: table salt (NaCl)

C. Mixtures Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances. Heterogeneous Homogeneous

C. Mixtures Solution homogeneous very small particles particles don’t settle EX: rubbing alcohol

SOLUTE, SOLVENT AND SOLUTION

DISSOLVING SALT IN WATER

C. Mixtures Heterogeneous medium-sized to large-sized particles particles may or may not settle EX: milk, fresh-squeezed lemonade

SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS

PROPERTIES

C. Mixtures Examples: Answers: tea muddy water fog saltwater Italian salad dressing Answers: Solution Heterogeneous

A. Physical Properties Physical properties can be described as one of 2 types: Extensive Property depends on the amount of matter present (example: length) Intensive Property depends on the identity of substance, not the amount (example: scent)

A. Physical Properties Physical Property can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

F. Physical Changes Physical Change changes the form of a substance without changing its identity properties remain the same Examples: cutting a sheet of paper, breaking a crystal, all phase changes

F. Phase Changes – Physical Evaporation = Condensation = Melting = Freezing = Sublimation = Liquid -> Gas Gas -> Liquid Solid -> Liquid Liquid -> Solid Solid -> Gas

D. Chemical Properties Chemical Property describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity

G. Chemical Changes Process that involves one or more substances changing into a new substance Commonly referred to as a chemical reaction New substances have different compositions and properties from original substances

FAMOUS CHEMICAL STUFF U SHOULD KNOW #JIMMY NEUTRON ACIDS - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS ( H + ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER BASES ( ALKALINE ) - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROXIDE IONS ( OH - ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER THE pH SCALE MEASURES THE RANGE OF ACIDS/BASES

ACIDS AND BASES

NURD WARNING TOLD YA IT WAS NURDY PH CAN BE VIEWED AS AN ABBREVIATION FOR POWER OF HYDROGEN - OR MORE COMPLETELY, POWER OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION. THE MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PH IS A BIT LESS INTUITIVE BUT IN GENERAL MORE USEFUL. IT SAYS THAT THE PH IS EQUAL TO TO THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHMIC VALUE OF THE HYDROGEN ION (H+) CONCENTRATION, OR PH = -LOG [H+] PH CAN ALTERNATIVELY BE DEFINED MATHEMATICALLY AS THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHMIC VALUE OF THE HYDROXONIUM ION (H3O+) CONCENTRATION. USING THE BRONSTED-LOWRY APPROACH PH = -LOG [H3O+] TOLD YA IT WAS NURDY

pH SCALE 7 IS YOUR FRIEND

G. Chemical Changes Signs of a Chemical Change change in color or odor formation of a gas formation of a precipitate (solid) change in light or heat

E. Physical vs. Chemical Properties Examples: melting point flammable density magnetic tarnishes in air physical chemical

H. Physical vs. Chemical Changes Examples: rusting iron dissolving in water burning a log melting ice grinding spices chemical physical

What Type of Change?

What Type of Change?    

B. Four States of Matter Solids particles vibrate but can’t move around fixed shape fixed volume incompressible

B. Four States of Matter Liquids particles can move around but are still close together variable shape fixed volume Virtually incompressible

B. Four States of Matter Gases particles can separate and move throughout container variable shape variable volume Easily compressed Vapor = gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or solid at room temperature

B. Four States of Matter Plasma particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) gas-like, variable shape & volume stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes

STATES OF MATTER

The Four States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

STATES OF MATTER Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER GAS Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

LATENT HEAT = HEAT ABSORBED WHEN CHANGING PHASE Specific HEAT CAPACITY = THE AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE 1 GRAM OF MATERIAL 1DEGREE C

Will everything just be a gas? But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER PLASMA A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

MATTER REVIEW QUIZLET CH 3 QUIZLET CH 2

SAYS TO DO YOUR MATH AND LIKE IT