Biochemistry, Cells & Cell Processes AIR Review Biochemistry, Cells & Cell Processes

What you need to know about… Biochemistry 1. The key element of all living things is: C 2. Organic molecules are carbon based compounds.

Long term energy storage Store & transmit heredity info 4 Main organic molecules for all living organisms are: Carbon Compounds include Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Examples are that consist of Sugars and starches Fats, oils, waxes Nucleotides Amino Acids In order to respiration, reproduce, grow, etc. Organisms need to make these organic molecules. Functions are Waterproofing, Insulation, Long term energy storage Build tissue & muscles Protein channels Store & transmit heredity info Energy!

Enzymes Proteins that speed up chem reactions Have a specific shape

Denature - when an enzyme has a shape change and cannot function anymore

Factors that Affect Enzymes & Graphs Temperature pH

Amount of substrate Amount of enzymes

CELLS The Cell Theory: - Cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things - All living things are made of cells - Cells come from pre-existing cells Viruses are NOT considered cells. (they cannot reproduce on their own)

Prokaryotic Cell No nucleus No Membrane bound organelles Binary Fission No nucleus No Membrane bound organelles Simple & small Only bacteria!

Eukaryotic Cells Have Nuclei Have Membrane bound organelles More complex Larger

🖝 Cell parts: structure & function nucleus chromosomes mitochondria cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cilia flagella ribosomes Phospholipid bilayer; thin, flexible; controls what goes in/out Large, controls the activities c) Bean shaped; site of cell respiration = makes energy d) Tiny hairlike structures used for movement e) tough, rigid layer around cell memb.; f) Whiplike; used for movement g) Tiny round particles of RNA & protein; site of protein synthesis h) genetic info i) Green chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis

Animal vs Plant Cells Plants have a cell wall Plants have chloroplast Animals have lysosomes & centrioles Plant cells have a large central vacuole

Comparison of Plant, Animal and Prokaryote Cells Animal Plant Prokaryote Membrane-Bound Organelles? Nucleus? Centrioles? Cell membrane? Cell Wall? Chloroplasts? Lysosomes? Ribosomes?

Check Point…

Cell Transport Passive Active

Diffusion is PASSIVE High concentration to Low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion Large molecules have to go through a protein channel

Osmosis – diffusion of water Water moving from High concentration to Low concentration

3 types of solutions for a cell environment Cells depend on proper H2O balance 3 types of solutions for a cell environment Hypertonic solution – amt. of solute is greater outside the cell = less H2O outside Hypotonic solution – amt of solute is less outside the cell = greater H2O Isotonic solution – amt of solute is = to the amt of water

hypertonic

ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Protein Pumps Substances moving from Low concentration to High concentration

Practice AIR test question

An osmosis AIR question A red blood cell is placed in an aqueous solution. The red blood cell has a lower concentration of protein and sugar than the aqueous solution, as show in the diagram. In the diagram, the volume of the cell is equal to the volume outside the cell.

Look at all the solute on the outside. Is this isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solution the cell is in? Remember, water moves TOWARDS solutes!

Cell Energy

How Cells obtain Energy ATP! photosynthesis chloroplasts Light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose cell respiration mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

Cell energy – continued - aerobic cell respiration ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Fermentation: anaerobic respiration No oxygen needed; performed by yeast & some bacteria ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water Alcohol! 1) Alcoholic fermentation (yeast) 2) Lactic acid fermentation

Cell reproduction & division Prokaryotes divide by binary fission Daughter cells are identical.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis 2 Identical daughter cells made Creates new body cells (somatic cells) Produces diploid cells Meiosis 4 genetically different daughter cells made Creates egg and sperm Produces haploid cells

2 Types of Cell division: Mitosis & Meiosis Mitosis produces body cells; Meiosis produces gametes Mitosis produces genetically identical cells while meiosis produces variation Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells while meiosis produces 4 Mitosis produces cells that are diploid (2n) while meiosis produces cells that are haploid Diploid (2N) = 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid (N) = 1 set of chromosomes

Crossing Over – happens in Meiosis only Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA Creates variation in gametes – increases chances of survival

Egg + Sperm = Zygote A zygote divides by MITOSIS Stem cell – an undifferentiated cell (has not yet specialized)

All cells from same organism have same DNA… just certain genes are expressed (turned on/off)

In multicellular organisms, cells differentiate to become specialized

AIR Practice Question: Students in a bio class conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. They place an Elodea plant into a test tube filled with water. Then, the students place the test tube under a light and slowly increase the temp of the water. They record their results and display them on a graph.

AIR Practice Question

AIR Practice Question

When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). However, if the liver is cooked first, the reaction fails to occur. The reason for this is heating kills the germs that cause the bubbling heating removes the water and oxygen from the liver heating denatures the enzyme in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide reactions take place faster at lower temperatures

If enzyme C is functioning at 25oC and a pH of 7, under which condition would the rate of enzyme action probably increase?

the reaction has come to a stop the enzyme has stopped working What phenomenon explains the flat area on the graph between points B and C? the reaction has come to a stop the enzyme has stopped working the reaction has run out of substrate all of the enzyme's active sites are occupied

The End!